Option C.2

Question 1

C.2.1 Outline the coronary circulation

Answer 1

coronary circulation: how blood transfers through heart & how blood supplies itself
->Left and right coronary arteries
->circumflex artery
->left anterior descending artery
(image shows it)

Question 2

C.2.2 Outline what is meant by the term atherosclerosis

Answer 2

ATHEROSCLEROSIS: hardening of the arteries due to the accumulation of plaque (made up of cholesterol and other substances) in the walls of arteries = blood clot

Question 3

C.2.3 List the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 3

-> MODIFIABLE (influenced by lifestyle; can change) - physical inactivity one of the major factors
-> cigarette smoking
-> hight blood pressure (hypertension)
-> High cholesterol and LDL-cholersterol
-> Low HDL cholesterol
-> Diabetes
-> Obesity
->Physical Inactivity

-> NON-MODIFIABLE (can’t change)
->Age
-> Gender
-> Ethnicity
->Family History

Question 4

HDL Cholesterol

Answer 4

plays an important role in removing excess cholesterol from the body in a process termed “ reverse cholesterol transport”
->insoluble, carried with the bloodstream in lipoproteins

Different relationship with CVD
-> (LDL) low density lipoprotein (increases the risks of CVD)
-> (HDL) hight density lipoprotein (decreases the risks of CVD)

exercise raises HDL cholesterol concentrations

Question 5

C.2.4 Explain the concept of risk factors in cardiovascular disease

Answer 5

Can be sometimes clustered together. Clustering three or more factors together is sometimes called metabolic syndrome. Major components (high triglyceride - blood fat and low levels of HDL- Cholesterol), impaired glucose regulation or diabetes, (particular abdominal obesity)
Can increase the risk of CVD

Question 6

Show Exercise may lower the risk of CHD (4 reasons)

Answer 6

-> may have direct effects on the heart;
increasing the size of the coronary arteries and making them less likely to get blocked

-> improves endothelial function which means that arteries are able to vasodilate (open up) on demand to increase blood supply, reduce the chances of ischemia

->helps to prevent obesity thus reducing the risk of blood clots forming

->major positive effect of exercise is helping to maintain high levels of protective high density cholesterol (HDL)

Question 7

C.2.5 Discuss how a lifestyle of physical inactivity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 7

People who are physically inactive are more likely to have risk factors for CHD, high blood pressure, obesity, type 2 diabetes, low HDL Cholesterol –> increases risk of CHD