Unit 1.1

Question 1

The skeleton can be thought of as 2 main divisions:

Answer 1

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

Question 2

What is axial skeleton

Answer 2

The axial skeleton as the name implies, consists of those parts near the skeletal axis (the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs and sternum).

Question 3

What is appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

appendicular skeleton, consists of:
the pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles) and upper extremities (humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges).

The pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis) and lower extremities (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges).

Question 4

Functions of the Axial Skeleton

Answer 4

Axial Skeleton = PAMS
Protection (e.g. skull, ribs & sternum, vertebral column)
Attachment
Movement
Support

Question 5

Functions of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

Appendicular skeleton = MR BAMS

Mineral Reservoir
Blood Cell Formation
Attachment
Movement
Support

Question 6

Types of bones

Answer 6

Long Bones (e.g., femur)
Short Bones (e.g., carpals)
Flat Bones (e.g., scapula)
Irregular Bones (e.g., vertebrae)

Question 6

Long Bones example

Answer 6

femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, the metatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges.

Question 7

Functions long bone

Answer 7

Long bones contain red bone marrow for producing blood cells.
Long bones have a long shaft containing yellow bone marrow.
They are responsible for a lot of movement and often act as levers.

Question 7

Short bones function

Answer 7

provide stability to the wrist and ankle joints and also help facilitate some movements

Question 8

All short bones

Answer 8

The carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the foot are examples of short bones.

Question 9

Flat bone examples

Answer 9

Cranium, Sternum, ribs, pelvis

Question 10

Function flat bones

Answer 10

protection for delicate areas, for example, the cranium protects the brain.
areas for muscle attachment, for example, many of the muscles of the lower back and legs attach to the wide flat bone of the pelvis.

Question 11

Irregular bone funciton

Answer 11

perform a particular function

Question 12

Irregular bone example

Answer 12

Vertebrae and patella

Question 13

What are the main part of structure long bone

Answer 13

Diaphysis (compact bone)
Epiphysis (spongy bone)
Articular cartilage
Bone marrow cavity
Blood vessel
Periosteum

Question 14

Outline anatomical terms to the location of bones

Answer 14

Superior - above
Inferior - below
Proximal- closest too
Distal- further away
Lateral - side
Medial - middle
Anterior - front
Posterior - back

Question 15

What is cartilage

Answer 15

Cartilage is a hard, strong connective tissue that provides support for some soft tissues and forms a sliding area for joints so that bones can move easily.

Question 16

What is ligament

Answer 16

A ligament is a band of tough fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another, serving to support and strengthen a joint.

Question 17

What is tendon

Answer 17

Tendons connect muscles to bones. They are specialized skeletal structures that generally transmit muscular pull to bones.

Question 18

Define joint

Answer 18

A joint is where two or more bones articulate.

Question 19

What are the three classifications of joints:

Answer 19

Fibrous – These joints have a thin layer of fibrous tissue connecting the edges of the two bones. This is continuous with the periosteum and no movement is allowed at these joints. An example would be the sutures in the skull.

Cartilaginous – In these joints, the bones can be separated by a fibrocartilage disc (e.g., the intervertebral disc located between adjacent vertebrae), or by a thick layer of hyaline cartilage (e.g., connecting the ribs to the sternum). There is limited movement allowed at these joints.

Synovial – these are the most commonly occurring joints in the body and are the most important joints for mobility. They have several distinctive features, which will be outlined next.

Question 20

Features of a synovial joint include

Answer 20

Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Bursae
Meniscus
Ligaments
Articular capsule

Question 21

Articular cartilage (aka hyaline cartilage) function

Answer 21

provides protection where the bones attach, can handle stress, but slow healing time when injured.

Question 22

Synovial membrane function

Answer 22

secretes synovial fluid for lubrication so that bones can move freely…grows thick during injury/arthritis (inflammation).

Question 23

Bursa function

Answer 23

sacs that ease friction

Question 24

Meniscus function

Answer 24

shock absorption.

Question 25

Ligament function

Answer 25

bone attachment.

Question 26

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 26

Ball and socket – Movement in all directions - Shoulder (e.g. butterfly stroke), Hips
Hinge – Forwards and backwards movement (e.g. knee, elbow)
Pivot – Rotation only (e.g. Neck)
Gliding – to flat parts of bone that slide over one another (e.g vertebrae)
Condyloid – Oval shaped that fits into another shape – like a puzzle piece (e.g. metacarpals, and phalanges in the hand)
Saddle – f, b, l, r - Thumb (e.g. holding a weight bar) – the only one!

Question 27

Hinge movement and bone example

Answer 27

Flexion, extention
Elbow joint
Knee joint

Question 28

Hinge movement and bone example

Answer 28

Flexion, extention
Elbow joint
Knee joint

Question 29

Pivot movement and bone example

Answer 29

Rotation of one bone
around another
Top of the neck
Radioulnar joint

Question 30

Ball and Socket movement and bone example

Answer 30

Flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction
and rotation
Shoulder joint
Hip joint

Question 31

Condyloid movement and bone example

Answer 31

Flexion, extension,
adduction,
abduction, and
circumduction
Wrist joint
(between the radius
and carpal bones

Question 32

Saddle movement and bone example

Answer 32

Flexion, extension,
adduction,
abduction, and
circumduction
Thumb (between
the carpal bone and
the metacarpal
bone)

Question 33

movement and bone example