Organ systems 2) Digestive

Question 1

What do carbohydrates provide?

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

What are proteins used for?

Answer 2

Building cells and tissues

Question 3

Fats and lipids

Answer 3

• energy,
• membrane formation,
• hormone production.

Question 4

Vitamins

Answer 4

molecules that the body cannot make so must be extracted from food.

Question 5

Minerals and trace elements

Answer 5

used in the assembly of different structures e.g. bones, enzymes.

Question 6

salts

Answer 6

fundamental to all cells, you are essentially a big bag of salt solution.

Question 7

what are the 3 types of saliva glands?

Answer 7

parotid, sub-mandibular

and sub-lingual

Question 8

Name 3 enxymes in saliva?

Answer 8

Amylase Lipaise Lyzozyme

Question 9

What is Lyzozyme

Answer 9

A bacteriocite

Question 10

What is the buchal lining made of?

Answer 10

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium,

Question 11

Where does food go after leaving the mouth

Answer 11

Oropharynx then Laryngopharynx

Question 12

What is degulation?

Answer 12

Swallow reflex

Question 13

What is the refex that propells food into the stomach when it is in the oesophegus?

Answer 13

peristalsis

Question 14

What blocks the larynx during swallow?

Answer 14

Epiglotis

Question 15

Where does the oesophegus pass through the diafram?

Answer 15

The oesophegeal hiartus

Question 16

Where does the oesophegus join the stomach, and what sphincter if found here?

Answer 16

Cardiac orifice, GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER

Question 17

Why is the GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER kept closed?

Answer 17

To prevent stomach acid from rising up and irritating oesphoegus

Question 18

Describe the layors of the eousophagus from out to in

Answer 18

Serosa – connective tissue membrane surrounding the tube
Muscularis – skeletal muscles running in different orientations
Sub- mucosa - connective tissue layer
Mucosa - smooth muscle, connective tissue and lining epithelium.

Question 19

Parietal Cells: what do they do?

Answer 19

• Secrete HCI and intrinsic factor

- Intrinsic factor is essential for B12 absorbsion

Question 20

What do chief cells produce in the stomach?

Answer 20

protein digesting enzyme PEPSINOGEN which is converted to active PEPSIN by HCl, and a lipase.

Question 21

Enteroendocrine Cells: what do they release?

Answer 21

Chemicals including histamine and seratonin

Question 22

What is the Duodenum?

Answer 22

first 20-25 cm of the small intestine

Question 23

Where do sectetions enter the duodenum from?

Answer 23

pancreas and gallbladder

Question 24

What is the sphincter at the excit of the stomach called

Answer 24

Pyloric sphincter

Question 25

What are the endocryne secretions of the pancreas?

Answer 25

Insulin and glucagon

Question 26

What does pancreatic juice contain? (5)

Answer 26

a) HCO3- to neutralise HCl b) Pancreatic amylase to digest carbohydrate (-CHO) c) Lipase (fat) to digest lipids d) Ribonuclease (RNA) and deoxyribonuclease (DNA) to digest DNA and RNA. e) A number of protease enzymes to continue the breakdown of proteins.

Question 27

What does the Gallbladder do?

Answer 27

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

Question 28

What is the role of bile?

Answer 28

- emulsify fats so they can be absorbed. | - enables absorption of fat soluble vitamins and iron in the small intestine.

Question 29

What is billirubin?

Answer 29

Bile pigment formed from the breakdown of red blood cells

Question 30

What are the 2 remaining parts of the small intestine? | After the duodenum

Answer 30

JEJUNUM (2m) and ILEUM (4M)

Question 31

What covers the inner layer of the mucosa in the small intestine and why?

Answer 31

Villi, to increase surface area

Question 32

Where in the liver does the processing of nutrients take place?

Answer 32

Hepatic vein

Question 33

What is the role of the large intestine?

Answer 33

Remoove water and electrolytes

Question 34

Where is the caecum?

Answer 34

One end of the apendix leading from the

Question 35

What is the role of the liver?

Answer 35

``` Its role is to process food arriving from the small intestine and to filter blood, extracting toxins and adding important proteins. ```

Question 36

What shape is a liver lobule? | What is at each corner?

Answer 36

Hexagonal | - a portal triad

Question 37

What are the 3 structures of the portal triad?

Answer 37

- A branch of the hepactic artery (supplying oxygen) - A branch of the hepatic portal vein (carrying nutreous blood) - A bile duct

Question 38

What is a liver cell called?

Answer 38

hepatocytes