Organ systems 5) The endocrine system

Question 1

Hormones move around the body in the blood so they need to be __________.

Answer 1

Soluble in blood

Question 2

How are hormones that are water insoluble carried in the blood?

Answer 2

Special proteins

Question 3

What is the half life of a hormone dependent on?

Answer 3

Activicty of enzymes in the blood?

Question 4

Hormones that are water soluble typically find their receptor in the _________

Answer 4

Cell membrane

Question 5

What kind of hormones can pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 5

Lipid soluble

Question 6

What hormones regulate metabolism?

Answer 6

Thyroid hormones

Question 7

What hormones regulate water and electrolyte balances?

Answer 7

antiduoretic hormone

Question 8

What controlls the patuitry gland?

Answer 8

The hypothalmus

Question 9

Nerves from the ________extend down into the posterior pituitary and produce ___________

Answer 9

hypophysis

NEUROHORMONES

Question 10

How do neurohormones get to the anterior patuitry?

Answer 10

Nerves in the hypoathalumus release neurohormones into their capillary bed and capillaries carry them to the anterior patuitry

Question 11

Where is Antiduoretic hormone (Vasopressin) produced?
When is it released?
What does it do?

Answer 11

Posterior patuitry
blood pressure falls or blood becomes concentrated
causes kidneys to retain water

Question 12

Where is oxytosin produced?

When?

Answer 12

Posterior pituitary
Stretch of the uterus, mechanical stimulation of the cervix as well as stimulation of the nipples when a baby is nursing cause release of oxytocin.

Question 13

What does oxytosin cause? (physically)

Answer 13

• assist in expulsion of the foetus.
• in non-pregnant women to remove menses and assist movement of sperm after sexual intercourse.
• Milk ejection in lactating females

Question 14

What are hormones produced by the anterior pituitry known as?
What is their special function?

Answer 14

TROPHIC

these control the activity of other glands

Question 15

Control of secretion of GH is by _____________ and Growth ___________ produced by the _________typically in response to _______________.

Answer 15

GH releasing hormone
GH inhibiting hormone
hypothalamus
low blood glucose etc

Question 16

What is the effect of GH?

Answer 16

Stimulate growth in most tissues.
Regulate metabolism.
Regulate blood nutrient levels

Question 17

What does prolactin do?

Answer 17

Milk production

Enhanced progesterone secretion by the ovaries following ovulation.

Question 18

What hormone brings about the following ?
CORTISOL from the Adrenal Cortex
release of ___________stimulating hormone that binds to ___________in the skin causing an increase in skin pigmentation.

Answer 18

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte

Question 19

What are the effects of Leutinising Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
aka
GONADOTROPINS

Answer 19

Their effect is to :-
Promote the growth of the gonads - testes and ovaries and the production of sperm and oocytes.

In combination with prolactin, LH and FSH regulate reproduction.

Control the production of reproductive hormones – oestrogens and progesterone in the ovaries and testosterone in the testes.

Question 20

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

TRIIODOTHYRONINE
TETRAIODOTHYRANINE (T4, sometimes called thyroxine)
CALCITONIN

Question 21

TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary lead to __and __release from the thyroid into the blood stream

Answer 21

T3 and T4
TRH -Thyroid Releasing hormone
TSH thyroid stimulation hormone

Question 22

Are thyroid hormones water soluble?

Answer 22

No,

Question 23

What do T3 and T4 do?

Answer 23

• Control metabolism

- regulate natural growth

Question 24

What cells secrete calcitocin?

Answer 24

Parafollicular cells

Question 25

What is the effect of calcitocin?

Answer 25

reduce plasma CA++

Question 26

There are 4 small islands of cells embedded in the posterior thyroid tissue. These are the _______. These glands produce______________

Answer 26

``` PARATHYROID GLANDS PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH, ```

Question 27

The role of PTH is to help regulate [Ca++] by ___________. It essentially does the opposite to calcitonin. It also increases the rate of formation of ________

Answer 27

Increasing plasma levels of Ca++ | Vitamin D

Question 28

What glands are located near the kidneys?

Answer 28

Adrenal glands

Question 29

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

Answer 29

inner medulla and outer cortex

Question 30

What 2 hormones does the inner medula of the adrenal gland secrete?

Answer 30

Adrenaline (epinephrine) 80% | Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) 20%

Question 31

What so adrenalline and noradrenaline do? - ______blood glucose levels - _________lipid breakdown - ______heart rate and force of contraction - Cause _________in skin, kidney and GI tract - Cause _________in heart and skeletal muscle.

Answer 31

When released into the blood they have a widespread effect across the body. They:- - Increase blood glucose levels - Increase lipid breakdown - Increase heart rate and force of contraction - Cause vasoconstriction in skin, kidney and GI tract - Cause vasodilation in heart and skeletal muscle.

Question 32

Adrenal Cortex Secretes 3 hormone types? What are they

Answer 32

Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Androgens Steroids so not water soluble

Question 33

Mineralocorticoids The main one is __________. Secreted in response to low blood pressure. Action is to cause the _____to retain Na+ and water thereby increased blood volume.

Answer 33

ALDOSTERONE. kidney

Question 34

Glucocorticoids | The main one is ______. Produced in response to _____, the effects are mainly metabolic and anti-inflammatory.

Answer 34

CORTISOL. stress

Question 35

PANCREAS | Located between ________and ______. It is EXOCRINE and ENDOCRINE.

Answer 35

Sromach and duodenum

Question 36

The endocrine part of the pancreas , the ______________, secrete hormones into the blood stream.

Answer 36

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS,

Question 37

What are the islets of langerhans made up of? ALPHA (α) cells that secrete ________that increases the breakdown of______ releasing it into the circulation. BETA (β) cells that secret ______that causes cells to increase their uptake of ______and amino acids. Delta (δ) cells that secrete ________that _____insulin and glucagon secretions.

Answer 37

ALPHA (α) cells that secrete GLUCAGON that increases the breakdown of GLUCOSE releasing it into the circulation. BETA (β) cells that secret INSULIN that causes cells to increase their uptake of GLUCOSE and amino acids. Delta (δ) cells that secrete SOMATOSTATIN that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretions.

Question 38

What are the male reproductive hormones produced in the testes?

Answer 38

Testosterone and inhibin

Question 39

What are the female reproductive hormones produced in

Answer 39

Oestrogen and progesterone