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BIO 202 > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Cells

A

Basic structural units of every organism

2 main types of cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

NO Nucleus –> Genome in cytoplasm
Smaller Cells

(Mainly bacteria)

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

HAS Nucleus
Larger Cells

(Most of the rest of the world: protists, fungi, plants, animals)

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4
Q

Prokaryote Components

A

CELL WALL–> Cell membrane –> Inside of cell:

1) Ribosomes
2) Cytoplasm
3) DNA

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5
Q

Limitations to Cellular Size

A

If cell gets too big, cell membrane wouldn’t be able to meet the demands of its volume

(Because volume increases faster than surface area)

–> Cell membrane must be close to the cytoplasm so that diffusion distances from the membrane to other organelles are smaller

ALL ABOUT EFFICIENCY

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6
Q

Reason for Compartmentalization

A

1) To reduce diffusion distances (make cells more efficient)
2) Separate “incompatible” reactions and their products

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7
Q

Cytosol

A

A semi-fluid, jelly-like substance in which sub-cellular components are suspended (the cellular solvent)

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Refers to the cytosol AND organelles (essentially everything IN the cell)

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Serves as boundary for every cell to the outside world:

A selective barrier (semi-permeable) that allows the passage of enough materials to service the entire cell

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

A double-membrane organelle that contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell (LARGE organelle)

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11
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The double membrane of the nucleus (a direct extension of the ER)

–> Confluent with the ER

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12
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

Mechanically supports the nuclear envelope (made up of an array of filaments) to maintain the shape of the nucleus

–> Is up against the inner nuclear membrane

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13
Q

Nuclear Envelope Structure

A

Outer Membrane –> Perinuclear Space –> Inner Membrane

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

An overarching term referring to all chromosomes

–> All DNA and histones

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15
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that package DNA

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16
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that carry genetic info

–> Each contains ONE long DNA strand (molecule), coiled or packaged by histones into the chromosome shape

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17
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Little “holes” in the nuclear membrane that create a connection between the inside of the nucleus and cytoplasm

–> Allows small molecules to diffuse through (passive transport)

–> Selective about larger molecules: Requires active transport

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18
Q

Nuclear Localization Signal

A

NLS

–> A specific biological marker that gives some molecules access into the nucleus: Needed to get through the pores

“biological passport”

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19
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

KARYOPLASM

The inside of the nucleus

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

The dark thing in the nucleus: Site of assembly of immature ribosomes

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes made up of 2 subunits which are made up of rRNA and proteins

–> Carry out protein synthesis

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22
Q

2 Types of ribosomes

A

Free Ribosomes = Suspended in cytosol

Bounded Ribosomes = Attached to the outside of ER or nucleus

–> Usually produces proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes

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23
Q

Endomembrane System

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A

Includes the following:

1) Nuclear envelope
2) The ER
3) Golgi
4) Lysosomes
5) Various vesicles/vacuoles
6) Plasma membrane

24
Q

Vesicles

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A

Sacs made of membrane

25
Endomembrane System Connections
Connected through one of two ways: 1) Direct physical continuity 2) Transfer of membrane segments as vesicles
26
Endoplasmic Reticulum
An extensive network of membranes that accounts for over half of the cell's membranes --> Made of membrane tubules and sacs (cisternae)
27
ER Lumen
Internal compartment of ER
28
2 Types of ER
1) Smooth ER 2) Rough ER
29
Rough ER
Has ribosomes attached to the outside and looks more like layered pastry dough (usually connected to the nucleus)
30
Rough ER Function
Protein Synthesis/Modification (mainly secretory proteins)
31
Co-Translational Protein Modification
Proteins modified DURING translation 1) Polypeptide chain grows from ribosome (attached to ER) 2) The chain is threaded (inserted) into the ER lumen (N-terminus) 3) Part of protein inside ER begins to be modified while the ribosome is still producing the protein (C-terminus)
32
Glycoproteins
Main type of protein ER produces: proteins with a carbohydrate group attached
33
Secretory Proteins
To be exported or inserted into membranes
34
Smooth ER
Does NOT have ribosomes attached to the outside (looks more like coral)
35
Smooth ER Functions
1) Synthesizing lipids 2) Metabolizing Carbs 3) Synthesizing some hormones 4) Detoxify drugs/poisons (by adding -OH, makes it more polar, more soluble)
36
Golgi Body
A membranous structure that acts as the center for storage, modification, and transport of ER products --> Looks like a stack of pancakes a little bit --> Also has functions in "finishing work" by making some last minute additional modifications to proteins and phospholipids
37
2 Regions of Golgi Body
1) Cis-face 2) Trans-face
38
Cis-face
Receiving Side (receives incoming vesicle from ER)
39
Trans-face
Sending side (sends off vesicle to other parts of the cell)
40
Pathway of ER through Golgi
ER --> Transport Vesicle --> Cis-face --> Through Golgi --> Trans-face --> Secretory Vesicle --> Destination
41
Targeting Signals
Found on molecules for Golgi to direct to the right location (like a zipcode)
42
Lysosomes
Membrane vesicles filled with digestive enzymes (proteases/nucleases) that are used to digest macromolecules --> Single membrane organelle --> NOT in plants
43
Lysosome Functions
1) Degrade and recycle macromolecules 2) Digest food (in protozoa) 3) Cell Self-destruction
44
Lysosomal Functioning
Lysosomes create a microenvironment of pH = 5 (acidic) at which the enzymes function --> Protects cells as enzymes get deactivated when not in that acidic pH, so if a lysosome breaks, the cell won't be damaged
45
Central Vacuole
The plant substitute for lysosomes --> A central vesicle surrounded by a special membrane (tonoplast)
46
Tonoplast
Membrane of central vacuole
47
Central Vacuole Functions
1) Disposal/Recycling 2) Storage of molecules 3) Reduction in cell volume for faster diffusion (as it takes up most of cell volume)
48
Peroxisome
A specialized metabolic compartment (bounded by single membrane) which contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from substrates and then attaches them to O2 --> Produces H2O2
49
Peroxisome Functions
1) Detoxification of alcohols and other compounds 2) Breaking down fatty acids (to Acetyl CoA: Fueling cell. resp.)
50
Mitochondrion
Powerhouse of the cell --> Double membrane organelle in which cellular respiration occurs to produce most of a cell's ATP --> Big organelle: Can see with light microscope
51
Parts of Mitochondria
OMM --> IMS --> IMM --> Matrix
52
Mitochondrial Matrix
Enclosed by inner membrane Contains many enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
53
Chloroplast
Found in plant cells: A double membrane organelle in which photosynthesis occurs --> To convert solar energy to chemical energy (sugar) --> A green plastid
54
Stroma
Fluid outside of the thylakoids (contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes)
55
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
56
Thylakoids
Flattened interconnected sacs/discs

BIO 202 (33 decks)

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