Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
what kind of resource is crude oil
A
finite
2
Q
where is crude oil found
A
rocks
3
Q
what is crude oil a mixture of
A
a large number of compounds of different hydrocarbons
4
Q
what is crude oil made of
A
remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud
5
Q
what is a hydrocarbon
A
a compound made of hydrogen and carbon only
6
Q
what are alkanes
A
hydrocarbons
7
Q
what is the functional group of alkanes
A
single bonds C-C
8
Q
are alkanes saturated
A
yes
9
Q
what do alkanes names end in
A
ane
10
Q
general formula for alkanes
A
C. H
n. 2n+2
11
Q
what name represents 1 carbon
A
meth
12
Q
name for 2 carbons
A
eth
13
Q
name for 3 carbons
A
prop
14
Q
name for 4 carbons
A
but
15
Q
name for 5 carbons
A
pent
16
Q
name for 6 carbons
A
hex
17
Q
name for 7 carbons
A
hept
18
Q
name for 8 carbons
A
oct
19
Q
name for 9 carbons
A
non
20
Q
name for 10 carbons
A
dec
21
Q
what are alkenes made of
A
hydrocarbon
22
Q
functional group of alkenes
A
one carbon to double carbon bond
23
Q
are alkenes saturated
A
no
24
Q
what do alkene names end in
A
ene
25
general formula for alkenes
C. H
n. 2n
26
what kind of reaction is cracking
chemical
27
steps of cracking
1. long hydrocarbon heated to vaporise and passed over a catalyst or mixed with steam.
2. long hydrocarbon breaks down into a shorter alkane and an alkene.
3. shorter alkene has a higher boiling point so condenses into a liquid
4. the alkene has a lower boiling point so is collected as a gas
28
what is the catalyst in cracking
broken pot
29
how do you test for alkanes and alkenes in cracking
bromine water (orange liquid)
30
observation in bromine water if alkane present
no effect - stays orange
31
observation in bromine water if alkene is present
decolourises bromine water and changes colour from orange to colourless
32
why do alkenes turn bromine water colourless
more reactive due to double bond
33
what kind of process is fractional distillation
not a chemical reaction
34
why are some of the products made from cracking useful as fuels
they have shorter chains than the alkanes you started with so they are more flammable therefore a better fuel
35
what is fractional distillation used for
separating crude oils to make more useful substances that we use as fuels
36
which fuels are made from crude oil that we use
petrol, diesel fuel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquified petroleum gases
37
what is bitumen/residue from fractional distillation used for
makes road surfaces
38
what is diesel fuel from fractional distillation used for
vans/ lorries
39
what is kerosine from fractional distillation used for
planes
40
what is petrol from fractional distillation used for
cars
41
what is fuel gas from fractional distillation used for
camping gas
42
what is the boiling point of short chain hydrocarbons
low
43
what is the boiling point of long chain hydrocarbons
high
44
what is the volatility of short chain hydrocarbons
high
45
what is the viscosity of short chain hydrocarbons
low
46
what is the flammability of short chain hydrocarbons
high
47
what is the volatility of long chain hydrocarbons
low
48
what is the viscosity of long chain hydrocarbons
high
49
what is the flammability of long chain hydrocarbons
low
50
what is viscosity
how easily something flows (more viscous =thick, less viscous = runny)
51
what are hydrocarbons burnt to be used as
fuel
52
what is the equation for burning hydrocarbons
hydrocarbon ----> carbon dioxide + water
53
what is combustion
when a fuels reacts with oxygen
54
what kind of reaction is combustion
oxidation
55
what is the process of complete combustion
a fuel burns with unlimited oxygen
makes carbon dioxide and water
energy is released
56
what does carbon dioxide cause
global warming
57
testing for complete combustion
set up a fuel
direct gases into equipment using a funnel
connect funnel to a tube (inside a beaker with ice and water )with cobalt chloride which turns blue with water
in this tube water vapour condenses into water
connect to another tube with limewater which turns cloudy if co2 is present
58
different types of pollution
carbon dioxide
water
carbon monoxide
carbon (particulates)
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen oxides
59
how is carbon dioxide made
complete combustion
60
how is water made
complete and incomplete
61
how is carbon monoxide made
incomplete
62
how is carbon (particulates) made
incomplete
63
how is sulfur dioxide made
fuels contain sulfur and react with oxygen
64
how are nitrogen oxides made
nitrogen and oxygen from the air react due to high temperatures
65
what does carbon dioxide cause
global warming
66
what does water pollution cause
nothing
67
consequence of carbon monoxide
poisonous to humans
68
consequence of carbon particulates
global dimming
69
consequence of sulfur dioxide
acid rain/ asthma
70
consequence of nitrogen oxides
acid rain/ asthma
71
oxygen in incomplete combustion
a fuel burns with limited oxygen
72
what does incomplete combustion make
carbon particulates
carbon monoxide
water
73
what is released during incomplete combustion
energy - exothermic but less than complete
74
why are alkenes unsaturated
they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
75
what are functional groups responsible for
the reactions of organic compounds
76
what are plastics made up of
huge molecules (polymers)
that are made of lots of small molecules joint together (monomers)
77
what are monomers
small molecules with a double bond
78
what happens in addition polymerisation
monomers join together to create polymers
79
how do monomers join together
double bond breaks down to form a single c-c bond
these bond together to form a long chain
80
how do you name polymers
put poly in front of the monomer and the monomer in brackets
81
what is the use of poly(ethene)
plastic bags
82
what is the use of poly(propene)
rope/carpets
83
use of poly(styrene)
cups
84
use of poly(vinyl acetate)
glue
85
use of poly(vinyl chlorate)
doors/ windows
86
how do alkenes react with oxygen
burn with a smokier yellow flame compared to alkanes
87
what kind of combustion occurs when alkenes react with oxygen
incomplete combustion
88
how much energy is released when alkenes react with oxygen
less energy per mole in combustion than alkanes
89
why do alkenes have hydrogen added to them
they are unsaturated and more hydrogen can make them saturated
90
what kind of reaction is alkenes with hydrogen
hydrogenation reaction
91
how us hydrogen added to alkenes
add a hydrogen molecule across the double c=c bond
92
what conditions are needed for alkenes to react with hydrogen
60 degrees
nickel catalyst
93
what does adding hydrogen do to the molecules in alkenes
straightens the molecules
increases their melting point
because the strength of intermolecular forces is increased
94
how do you add a halogen to an alkene
add a halogen across the double c=c bond
95
how do you name the product of alkenes and halogens
di Halogen beginning, alkene name
96
what is produced when alkenes react with water (steam)
alcohol
97
how do you name an alcohol
number of carbons - ol
98
what conditions are needed for alkenes and water to react
high temperature
concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst
99
what happens to H2 in an alkene when hydrogen water or halogens are added
split into 2 Hs
100
what happens to H20 when hydrogen water or halogens are added to an alkene
split into a H and an OH
101
what happens to Br2 if hydrogen water or halogens react with alkenes
splits into 2 Brs
same for cl2 or I2
102
what are the uses of alcohols
cleaning
solvent
drinking
perfume
sanitising
antiseptic
fuel
start a fire
103
what is the functional group of alcohols
OH
104
what do the names of alcohols end in
ol
105
how do you draw an alcohol
draw the alkane and remove one hydrogen and add an OH group
106
how do you work out the structural formula of an alcohol with it drawn
break it into sections
107
what is ethanol used in
everyday practices
108
what are the two ways ethanol is produced industrially
fermentation
hydration of ethene
109
process of fermentation
extract sugar (glucose from crops)
add yeast to glucose (enzymes from yeast act as a catalyst)
110
conditions for fermentation
30 to 40 degrees
111
what is released in fermentation
co2
112
what kind of process is fermentation
batch process (stop and start)
113
advantages of fermentation
sugar found in plants - renewable
batch process - cheap equipment needed
more carbon neutral
114
disadvantages of fermentation
very slow
impure - needs fractional distillation so uses time and money
batch process means high labour cost
uses land which could be used to grow food
115
process of hydration of ethene
extract crude oil from the ground
oil refinery - fractional distillation then cracking to get ethene
hydration (add steam)
116
what is the catalyst in hydration of ethene
phosphoric acid
117
conditions needed for hydration of ethene
high temperature ans pressure
118
what kind of process is hydration of ethene
continuous
119
advantages of hydration of ethene
fast reaction
pure product]
95% yield
continuous so cheaper manpower
120
disadvantages of hydration of ethene
high tech equipment needed so expensive initially
high energy costs for high pressure
ethene is non renewable
121
how do alcohols react in the air
burn nbevause they are flammable
122
what happens when alcohols burn
they produce co2 and water
123
what happens when alcohols react with water
soluble in water so create a neutral solution
as number of carbon atoms increase as they get less soluble
124
what happens when alcohols react with sodium
create a sodium (alcohol) oxide and hydrogen
125
what happens when alcohols react with an oxidising agent
carboxylic acid and water
126
what is the functional group of carboxylic acids
COOH
127
what kind of acids are carboxylic acids
weak
128
how do carboxylic acids react
same way as acids used in the lab and have the same properties
129
Ph of carboxylic acids
4-6 (yellow or orange)
130
how do carboxylic acids react with water
produce acidic solutions
131
how do carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates
produce a salt , water and carbon dioxide which turns limewater cloudy
132
how do carboxylic acids react with alkalis
neutralisation (exothermic)
133
how do carboxylic acids react with metals
create salt and hydrogen
134
how do carboxylic acids and bases react
make salt and water
135
what makes carboxylic acids weak acids
do not ionise completely in solutions so don't release many H+ ions
136
what does carboxylic acids begin weak mean
they have a higher pH than solutions of strong acids of the same concentrations
137
what do carboxylic acids reacting with alcohols form
esters
138
what is needed for alcohols and carboxylic acids to react
an acid catalyst
139
functional group of esters
COO
140
name of ester created by ethanoic acid and ethanol
ethylethanoate
141
formula of ethylethanoate
CH3COOCH2CH3
142
what is an important condensation polymer made on a large scale
polyester
143
what are condensation polymers made from
monomers
144
what are monomers not
alkenes
145
process of condensation polymerisation
monomers with two functional groups
when reacting they join together and lose a small molecule such as water
simple polymers are produced from two different monomers with two of the same functional groups on each monomer
146
what does one alcohol monomer have to be in condensation polymerisation
a diol (two oh group , one at each end)
147
what does one carboxylic acid have to be in condensation polymerisation
a dicarboxylic acid (two cooh groups, one at each end)
148
what do amino acids have
two different functional groups in a molecule
149
which functional groups do amino acids have
amine group and a carboxylic acid group
150
how are polypeptides produced
amine group and carboxylic acid group react by condensation polymerisation
151
how are proteins produced
different amino acids combined in the same chain
152
basic amino group formula
NH2
153
acidic carboxyl group formula
COOH
154
what is protein used in the human body for
haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen
antibodies in immune system
enzymes -catalysts
155
what does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
156
what does the order of amino acids control
proteins properties and shapes
157
what kind of structure does DNA have
double helix structure
158
what is DNA made up of
two polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides
159
what are other naturally occuring polymers important for life
proteins (monomer is amino acids)
starch (monomer is glucose)
cellulose (monomer is glucose)
160
what are nucleotides
four different monomers
