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Chemistry > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

what do humans use the earths resources for

A

to provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

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2
Q

what do natural resources provide

A

food
timber
clothing
fuels

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3
Q

how are finite resources from the earth, oceans and atmosphere processed

A

to provide energy and materials

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4
Q

what does chemistry play an important role in

A

improving agricultural and industrial processes to provide new products
sustainable development

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5
Q

what is sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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6
Q

what are renewable energy resources

A

sources of power that quickly replenish themselves and can be used again
only includes plants or wood if they continue to be replanted

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7
Q

what are finite resources

A

resources with a limited supply that will eventually run out

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8
Q

what is potable water

A

water of a suitable quality which is essential for life so is safe to drink

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9
Q

what does water need for humans

A

sufficiently low amounts of dissolved salts and microbes

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10
Q

potable water production process

A

1 filtered so leaves stones and large material is removed
2 water moves and only sediment settles at the bottom of the tank
3 add aluminium sulphate making the particles clump together and settles at the bottom
4 water is passed through fine sand and gravel to remove more particles
5 sterilisation occurs to kill microbes using chlorine or uv light
6 check the ph and adjust it if needed

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11
Q

how do you purify salty water

A

desalination

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12
Q

desalination by distillation

A

1- salty water is evaporated as sea water is heated
2- water is cooled and condensed
3- salt is left in the first tank
4- creates pure freshwater

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13
Q

desalination by reverse osmosis

A

1-using high pressure, salty water is forced through a semi permeable membrane
2- the salt is removed and the water moves through

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14
Q

disadvantages of desalination

A

both methods are very expensive

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15
Q

sewage water treatment process

A

1 sewage arrives to the pumping station and large objects are filtered from the water through a mesh screen
2- primary sedimentation -large paddles swirl the water and solids sink and are collected at the bottom
3- biological treatment- bacteria feed aerobically on organic matter and kill harmful bacteria
4- secondary sedimentation- good bacteria are removed here
5- water is sterilised using chlorine, ozone or uv light
6- it is pumped into seas and rivers
7- waste is digested by anaerobic respiration in a biogas tank

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16
Q

what is the sewage leftover used for

A

fertiliser
biogas
solid fuel
landfill sites
to generate electricity

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17
Q

where is it cheapest and easiest to obtain potable water from

A

groundwater
wastewater

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18
Q

when is seawater easier to obtain potable water

A

for countries with little fresh water

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19
Q

production of biogases in a biogas tank

A

1 sewage waste containing organic matter goes into the slurry
2 carried out at temp between 35 and 55 degrees
3 in the digester microorganisms will respire anaerobically to produce biogas
4 any solid matter left is pumped out of the outlet and used as fertiliser

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20
Q

why are life cycle assessments carried out

A

to assess the environmental impact of a product through all stages of its life

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21
Q

what are the stages of the life cycle assessment

A

raw materials
manufacture
distribution
product use
disposal of the product

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22
Q

what does the raw materials stage of the LCA deduce

A

are they renewable/non renewable
where are they found
how far do they need to be transported

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23
Q

what does the manufacturing stage of the LCA deduce

A

what processes are needed for manufacture of the materials and the product

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24
Q

what does the distribution stage of the LCA deduce

A

the environmental impacts of transporting the product
how far it has to be transported

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25
Q

what does the product use stage of the LCA deduce

A

does it have an environmental impact
how long will it last
can it be reused or repurposed

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26
Q

what does the disposal of the product stage of the LCA deduce

A

can it be used in another way
is it biodegradable
is there a choice between landfill, incineration or recycling

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27
Q

raw materials stage of lca for a paper bag

A

the wood from the trees that is used to make the paper is not a finite resource
the logs need to be transported to a mill for processing

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28
Q

manufacture stage of lca of a paper bag

A

the trees are debarked and chipped into wood chips in a factory
the chips are cooked with chemicals to a pulp which is bleached to make it white and chlorine is added

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29
Q

distribution stage of LCA of a paper bag

A

the finished product is shipped around the world which has environmental impacts as the vehicles used to transport the goods will use fossil fuels

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30
Q

product use stage of lca of a paper bag

A

people use paper everyday
it is not often used very resourcefully

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31
Q

disposal of the product stage of the lca of a paper bag

A

paper once used can either go into landfill or it can go in the recycling to be made into new paper

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32
Q

raw materials stage of the lca of a plastic bag

A

oil needs to be extracted to create plastic bags which is a non renewable product
oil is a finite resource

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33
Q

manufacture stage of the lca of a plastic bag

A

oil undergoes a chemical reaction to turn it into a solid plastic
it is then blown into plastic bags

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34
Q

distribution stage of lca of a plastic bag

A

shipped all around the world which will have environmental impacts as more fossil fuels will be used

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35
Q

product use stage of lca of a plastic bag

A

plastic bags usually are only used once or twice before getting thrown away

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36
Q

disposal of the product stage of lca of a plastic bag

A

thousands of tonnes get sent to landfill where they cannot biodegrade and others can be recycled and will be turned back into bags or brand new items altogether

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37
Q

what is low grade copper ores

A

rock that has small amounts of copper in it

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38
Q

what are the methods of extracting copper

A

phytomining
bioleaching

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39
Q

what does phytomining use

A

plants

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40
Q

process of phytomining

A

plants are planted on low grade copper ores. they absorb copper ions from the soil by their roots. can grow plants on contaminated soil
the plants are burned which releases carbon dioxide. you are left with plant ash containing copper ions in copper oxide
we use electrolysis to extract the copper from the copper oxide

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41
Q

features of the phytomining process

A

slow process
can be made quicker by using fast growing plants
renewable source used
carbon neutral so plants take in co2 during photosynthesis which is released when burnt

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42
Q

what does bioleaching use

A

bacteria

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43
Q

process of bioleaching

A

the bacteria feed on low grade copper ores and produce a leachate
the leachate contains copper ions
we use electrolysis to extract the copper from the leachate

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44
Q

what is a leachate

A

a solution that passes through an organism

45
Q

features of bioleaching

A

slow process
bacteria produces other toxins

46
Q

how is copper extracted from copper rich ores

A

smelting

47
Q

smelting process

A

heat copper carbonate a lot to make copper oxide and carbon dioxide
add sulphuric acid to the copper oxide to make copper sulphate solution
copper sulphate and iron are reacted to make iron sulphate and copper
or electrolysis is used to split into copper and oxygen

48
Q

symbol equation for copper sulphate and iron reacting

A

CuSO4 + Fe —-> FeSO4 + Cu

49
Q

what would you see when copper sulphate and iron react

A

a red - brown substance

50
Q

how are nitrogen based fertilisers used

A

by plants for growth
by plants for making proteins

51
Q

how do plants take up soluble nitrate ions

A

through their root hair cells

52
Q

why do we need nitrogen based fertilisers

A

when we harvest crops nitrogen is removed

53
Q

what is fixing nitrogen

A

gaseous nitrogen is turned into nitrogen compounds that can be absorbed in solution by plants

54
Q

why is ammonia important

A

80% nitrogen in atmosphere
nitrogen gas is insoluble in water
plants need a soluble form

55
Q

what is needed to make ammonia

A

nitrogen from the air
hydrogen from natural gas

56
Q

what are nitrogen and hydrogen examples of

A

raw materials

57
Q

haber process

A

1-nitrogen and hydroge are pumped through pipes
2- pressure is increased to 200 atmospheres (high pressure) at the compressor
3- pressurised gases are heated to 450 degrees and passes through a tank with iron catalyst beds
4- some nitrogen , hydrogen and ammonia leave the iron catalyst beds and enter the cooling tank
5- at the cooling tank mixture is cooled so ammonia liquefies and is removed
6- unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and are re compressed and heated before returning to the reaction vessel

58
Q

what is the reaction for making ammonia

A

reversible

59
Q

balanced symbol equation for the haber process

A

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) reversible reaction 2NH3 (g)

60
Q

how is nitrogen extracted

A

fractional distillation
liquid air

61
Q

what are conditions needed to extract nitrogen

A

needs high pressure pumps
-200 degrees

62
Q

where is hydrogen extracted from

A

from natural gas (methane)

63
Q

extracting hydrogen word equation

A

methane + steam –> hydrogen + carbon monoxide

64
Q

conditions needed to extract hydrogen

A

needs a very high temperature

65
Q

what is needed to make the maximum amount of ammonia

A

the reaction needs high pressure

66
Q

what are the problems with very high pressure

A

lots of energy is needed to compress gases
expensive reaction vessels and pipes needed to avoid explosions

67
Q

what is the compromise to reduce problems with very high pressure

A

use a lower 200 atmospheres pressure

68
Q

impact of the compromise to reduce problems with very high pressure

A

gives a lower yield
but it reduced costs and is more safe

69
Q

problems with low temperature in haber process

A

rate of reaction very slow because there are less frequent collisions

70
Q

why do we use 450 degrees temp in haber process

A

good rates of reaction and make ammonia fast however less yield of ammonia

71
Q

which three elements are essential to grow plants

A

nitrogen
phosphorous
potassium

72
Q

what do npk fertilisers contain

A

compounds of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium

73
Q

what are npk fertilisers

A

formulations of NPK salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements

74
Q

industrial production of ammonium nitrate

A

ammonia added to giant vats containing highly concentrated nitric aid
results in a very exothermic reaction
heat released used to evaporate water from mixture to make a very concentrated ammonium nitrate product

75
Q

ammonium nitrate production in the lab

A

smaller scale using titration and crystallisation
ammonia solution used and reactants at a lower concentration than in industry so less heat is produced and safer to carry out
after titration mixture needs to be crystallised but its slow

76
Q

why do we have to react phosphate rock with acids

A

phosphate rock can’t be used directly as fertiliser

77
Q

what is produced when nitric acid reacts wit phosphate rock

A

phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate

78
Q

what is produced when sulfuric acid reacts with phosphate rock

A

calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate (known as single superphosphate)

79
Q

what is produced when phosphoric acid reacts with phosphate rock

A

calcium phosphate ( product can be called triple superphosphate)

80
Q

what can ammonia be used to manufacture

A

ammonium salts and nitric acid

81
Q

why is salt ammonium nitrate a good fertiliser

A

high proportion of nitrogen per unit mass

82
Q

how are ammonia nitrate salts formed

A

ammonia + nitric acid

83
Q

what is produced when phosphate rock reacts with types of acids

A

soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers

84
Q

what is corrosion

A

the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

85
Q

what happens during corrosion

A

metals react with oxygen to form a metal oxide layer
when the metal oxide forms we say the metal has corroded
corrosion can be protective

86
Q

what is rusting

A

a form of corrosion that is not protective

87
Q

which substance rusts

A

iron

88
Q

when does iron rust

A

if in contact with oxygen and water
it forms a hydrated iron III oxide

89
Q

how does creating a barrier prevent rusting

A

iron is painted or coated in plastic or oiled or greased
keeps oxygen and water away from iron and is decorative

90
Q

how does the sacrificial method prevent rusting

A

coating iron in a more reactive metal eg zinc (called galvanising)
water and oxygen react with this metal instead of the iron

91
Q

what happens when rusting occurs

A

the mass will increase as it now has the mass of oxygen in the compound made

92
Q

which kind of materials are ceramics

A

clay
glass

93
Q

features of clay

A

ceramic
soft material
shaped and then heated in a furnace
used for making pottery and bricks

94
Q

features of glass

A

most is soda lime glass made by heating sand sodium carbonate and limestone
other type of glass is borosilicate glass made from heating sand and boron trioxide
borosilicate glass has a higher melting point than soda lime glass

95
Q

what are most composites made of

A

two materials, a matrix or binder surrounding and binding together fibres or fragments of the other material called reinforcement

96
Q

examples of composites

A

wood
fibreglass
nanotubes
concrete

97
Q

how is wood a composite

A

made of cellulose fibres as reinforcement
held together by lignin, an organic polymer as a matrix
it gives trees strength

98
Q

how is fibreglass a composite

A

glass fibres as the reinforcement
held together by polymers as the matrix
has a low density so used for surfboards
good insulator so used for roof insulation

99
Q

how are nanotubes composites

A

carbon nanotubes as reinforcement
held together by polymers as matrix
strong and light and used for sports equipments and aircraft’s

100
Q

how is concrete a composite

A

aggregate of sand and gravel as reinforcement
held together by cement
strong and rigid so used as building material

101
Q

what do properties of polymers depend on

A

the monomer used
conditions used to make it

102
Q

what happens if you use the same monomer but different conditions

A

make two different types of polymer

103
Q

how is low density polyethene made

A

heating ethene to about 200 degrees under high pressure

104
Q

what are lpdes used for

A

flexible so used for bags and bottles

105
Q

how is high density polyethene made

A

heating ethene at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst

106
Q

what is hdpe used for

A

more rigid and used for harder plastics like water tanks or drain pipes

107
Q

what are the two types of polymers

A

thermosoftening plastics
thermosetting plastics

108
Q

features of thermosoftening plastics

A

made of lots of individual polymer chains tangled together
there are weak forces between the chains
plastics are set as one shape and wont melt, when they are reheated they soften and can be reshaped

109
Q

features of thermosetting plastics

A

made of lots of individual polymer chains held together by strong cross links (ionic or covalent bonds)
chains are closer together and have a higher density as more atoms are in a unit of volume
these plastics are set as one shape and won’t melt or be softened

Chemistry (36 decks)

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