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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

Each fraction of crude oil contains a mixture of different … … Of a similar size and with similar properties

A

Hydrocarbon molecules

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1
Q

Before crude oil can be used, it must first be … Into fractions. This process is called …

A

Separated

Fractional distillation

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2
Q

Each fraction of crude oil contains a mixture of different … Meaning that the boiling point of the fraction is not a fixed temperature but a …

A

Compounds

Range

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3
Q

Volatility and flammability in crude oil fractions

A
  • low boiling point evaporate easier
  • easier fraction evaporates more volatile it is
  • more volatile easier mixes with air
  • fraction ignites and burns easily
  • smaller molecules in a fraction more volatile and flammable the fraction
  • lower boiling points more volatile and flammable
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4
Q

Viscosity in crude oil fractions

A
  • thick and sticky = highly viscous
  • high viscosity not easily poured
  • longer hydrocarbon chains more viscous fraction will be
  • higher boiling point more viscous
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5
Q

Appearance of crude oil fractions

A
  • longer chain of molecules darker colour of fraction
  • the colour of a fraction depends on size of the molecules it contains
  • higher boiling point darker colour of fraction
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6
Q

Smokiness of crude oil fractions

A

-higher boiling point more smokey and dense smoke

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7
Q

Refinery gas uses

A

Bottled gas and chemicals for cooking and heating

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8
Q

Gasoline uses

A

Petrol fuel for cars

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9
Q

Kerosene/paraffin uses

A

Jet fuel, stoves, central heating, lamps

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10
Q

Diesel oil uses

A

Lorries, buses, cars, some boats

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11
Q

Fuel oil uses

A

Ship fuel, large industrial boilers, oil fired power stations, ships

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12
Q

Bitumen/residue uses

A

Roads, roofing (waterproof)

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13
Q

Explain how a fractioning column works

A
  • all the crude oil is heated
  • vaporises and it is passes into bottom of a fractioning tower
  • fractioning tower hot at the bottom and cold at the top
  • hydrocarbons rise up the tower and condense at different points due to differing boiling point
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14
Q

Complete combustion

A

In a plentiful supply of oxygen all hydrocarbons burn to form carbon dioxide and water vapour and give out heat

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15
Q

Give and example of a complete combustion

A

Methane (CH4) the main constituent of natural gas which burns to give carbon dioxide and water
CH4 + 2O2 –> CO2 + 2H2O

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16
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

In a limited supply of oxygen, all hydrocarbons burn to form carbon monoxide or carbon and water vapour and give out heat. Less heat is given out so it is less efficient. As well as being poisonous, carbon monoxide is colourless, tasteless and odourless which makes it difficult to detect

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17
Q

Give an example of incomplete combustion

A

Methane (CH4) burns to give carbon monoxide plus water

2CH4 + 3O2 –> 2CO + 4H2O

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18
Q

Catalytic converters are used in cars to remove … like carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from the … cars eg 2CO + 2NO –> N2 + 2CO2

A

Pollutants

Exhaust

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19
Q

The catalyst used is the metal … It is spread on to … Of a ceramic material to give it a large …

A

Platinum
Honeycomb
Surface area

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20
Q

Catalytic converters could not be used when … Was added to petrol as it poisons the catalyst. Ie when it reacts with the catalytic surface and renders it useless

A

Lead

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21
Q

Name two properties and uses of CO2

A
  • soluble in water: carbonated for fizzy drinks as dissolves in water under pressure when the bottle is opened pressure falls and gas bubbles go out
  • more dense than air: sinks on to flames and extinguishes as prevents oxygen to reach flame, fire extinguish to put out electrical fires or caused by burning liquids
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22
Q

Longer chained hydrocarbons are in what type of demand

A

Less

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23
Q

Hydrocarbon fuel burns in a gas lamp in a bowl of sand, gas collects in tube which travels to u-tube sitting in bowl of ice, bottom of u-tube contains blue cobalt chloride paper, gas goes out of u-tube into test tube of lime water and out to the water pump on the other side. What are the results and conclusion of this experiment

A

In u-tube we see condensation forming
The liquid formed turns cobalt chloride paper pink
Limewater turns cloudy
Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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24
Shorter chains from crude oil are more...
Useful | Ie gasoline
25
Even though longer chains from crude oil are less useful they are in ....
Higher abundance
26
Very large molecules of long chained hydrocarbons can be ... Into ... Smaller molecules. This process is called ...
Split Several Catalytic cracking
27
Catalytic cracking is the process by which longer chain ... Are broken down into more useful products
Alkanes
28
Cracking results in both ... And ... Production
Alkane | Alkene
29
Cracking is an example of a ..... Reaction
Thermal decomposition
30
Equipment used in a cracking experiment
- test tube horizontally with ceramic wool soaked in paraffin oil and in the middle a catalyst of porcelain chips - delivery tube bases through the test tube to a tub of water with a safety valve on the end with a split - test tube collects gas produced sitting on top of safety valve when oil is heated
31
In a cracking experiment the gas collected is called ... The gas turns yellow bromine water .... The large ... Molecules are ... Down into smaller molecules. To do this we need a ... Temperature and a ... The ... Molecules are more useful than the ... Molecules
``` Ethene Colourless Paraffin Broken High Catalyst Small Large ```
32
What does a hydrocarbon contain
Only carbon and hydrogen
33
A homologous series are 'Families' of organic compounds (ie methane, ethane, propane which are all ...), group of compounds which share similar ... properties. differ from one another by a ... and because they get larger they have a trend in ... properties (like fractions in crude oil)
Alkanes Chemical CH2 Physical
34
Alkanes are a ... In which all the bonds between carbon atoms are ... Saturated compounds (no ... or ... bonds)
Hydrocarbon Single Double Triple
35
General formula for an alkane is
CnH2n + 2
36
All carbons need .. Bonds
4
37
``` Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter Pancakes Happily ```
``` Methane - 1(carbon atoms) - CH4 (molecular formula) - CH4 ( structural formula, can work out from molecular formula) Ethane - 2 - C2H6 Propane - 3 - C3H8 Butane - 4 - C4H10 Pentane - 5 - C5H12 Hexane - 6 - C6H14 ```
38
What are the 3 formulae for organic molecules
1) molecular formula: number of each sort of atoms in molecule 2) structural formula: shows how the atoms are bonded 3) displayed formula: shows how the atoms are bonded with a drawing
39
All carbons have 4 bonds except ...
Graphite
40
Alkenes are ... Hydrocarbons that contains a ... Bond
Unsaturated | Double
41
General formula for alkene is
CnH2n
42
The position of the double bond in alkenes must be included in the name of the loner chains
Ie but-2-ene | But-1-ene
43
Only from ethene to hexene in alkenes as
Methene does not exist (cant carry a double bond)
44
How to test for alkanes and results
Add bromine water, doesnt go colourless from orange straight away, then put under UV light then will go colourless
45
What happens when an alkane in bromine water is put under UV light
A hydrogen bond is swapped with a bromine bond, this is called substitution. Results in bromo(methane) + hydrogenbromide
46
What happens when an alkene in bromine water is put under UV light
The double bond breaks, opening up sections where the bromine replace 2 previous hydrogen bonds, this is called addition, results in bromo(butane), except methane
47
How to test for alkenes and results
Put in bromine water and turns colourless from dark orange immediately
48
How to add an alcohol onto displayed formula
O - H | Or OH onto the other equations
49
What is meant when a molecule is saturated
Only has single bonds therefore cannot be an alkene
50
What is an isomer
The same molecules and bonds and formulae but different structures
51
What are the fractions of crude oil in order and at what temperature do they burn at (remember; really good kids deserve fat bagels)
- Refinery gases - gasoline (20-200) - kerosene (180-260) - diesel (260-340) - fuel oil (330) - Bitumen N/A
52
How to name a structural formula
Number of carbon attached to name of branch - name of hydrocarbon route
53
How to find the structural formula to get it named
- count how many carbons are in the longest chain to find the root alkane - find any branches on the chain, make sure the branch is attached to the lowest numbered carbon labelling carbons 1 - (4) - count number of carbon roots in the chain to determine the beginning of the name of the compound - the length and position of these chains is given in the molecules name
54
Polymer means
Many parts
55
What is a polymer
A chemical compound made of many, smaller, identical molecules (called monomers) linked together. Some are naturally occurring like cellulose
56
2 methods in which polymers are made
``` Addition polymerisation (just for alkenes) Condensation polymerisation ```
57
Addition polymerisation
Alkenes add to themselves As addition proceeds further a long, a molecular chain is formed The alkene is the repeating unit of the chain (the monomer) The chain itself is the polymer Eg if ethene adds to itself by breaking double bond, polymer turns into polyethene
58
Brackets on addition polymerisation show
The chain continues and repeats until the certain number of 'n'
59
The 5 plastics in order
``` Polythene Polystyrene Polypropylene Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Neoprene ```
60
Properties and uses of low density polyethene
Flexible and quite strong | Plastic bags, bottles
61
Properties and uses of polystyrene
Rigid and tough | Packaging
62
What is a monomer
Small alkene molecules
63
Condensation polymerisation does what
The addition of two different monomers releases a small molecule, usually water
64
Ethanol production - Industrial | Reactants
Ethene and steam
65
Ethanol production - Industrial | Temperature and pressure
``` High temperatures (300/330 degrees) High pressures (60-70 atm) Needs high input of energy ```
66
Ethanol production - Industrial | Catalyst
Phosphoric acid
67
Ethanol production - Industrial | Equation
CH2 = CH2(g) + H2O(g) --> CH3CH2OH(g)
68
Ethanol production - Industrial | Rate
Rapid
69
Ethanol production - Industrial | Quality of product
Produces much purer ethanol, very good quality, not many side resources
70
Ethanol production - Industrial | Use of finite resources
Once all the oil has been used up there wont be anymore
71
Ethanol production - Industrial | Process
A continuous flow process - a stream of reactants is constantly passed over catalyst, therefore more efficient than a batch process
72
Ethanol production - Industrial | Plant
Local oil supply as very costly to import and expensive to set up, needs constant monitoring but large scale reduces costs
73
Ethanol production - Industrial | Maintenance
Little maintenance once set up | Just needs observation
74
Ethanol production - Industrial | Labour
Low as little maintenance needed
75
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Reactants
Glucose --> yeast and sugar solution
76
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Temperature and pressure
Uses gentle temperatures (37 degrees for optimum enzyme function) and normal pressures (1 atm)
77
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Catalyst
Enzymes in the yeast (zymase)
78
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Equation
1) C12 H22 O11(aq) + H20(l) --> C6 H12 O6(aq) + C6 H12 O6(aq) Sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose (isomers of each other) 2)C6 H12 O6(aq) --> 2C H5 OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) = ethanol
79
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Rate
Slow, taking several days for each batch
80
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Quality of product
Produces very impure ethanol that needs further processing
81
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Use of finite resources
Renewable sources - sugar beet or sugar cane, corn and other starchy materials
82
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Process
Batch process, everything mixed in reaction vessel then left for several days/weeks then fractional distillation for further purity Batch removed and new reaction set up --> inefficient
83
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Plant
Not very expensive not much monitoring needed as process is slower
84
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Maintenance
A lot if maintenance with hygiene as bacteria etc
85
Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars | Labour
Very high as lots of maintenance needed

Chemistry (11 decks)

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