Structure + Bonding

Question 0

Elements with the … Number of electrons on the … Shell have … … Properties

Answer 0

Same
Outer
Similar
Chemical

Question 1

How are ions similar and different in the periodic table

Answer 1

Similar: react the same because same electrons in outer shell
Different: react different because more shells down the group in group 1

Question 2

The relationship between group number and electronic configuration is shown in the table

Answer 2

Group | no electrons out shell | ion charge
1  1  +1
2  2  +2
3  3  +3
4  4  X
5  5  -3
6  6  -2
7  7  -1
8  2/8  X

Question 3

The element in group 4 and 8(0) generally do not…

Answer 3

Form ions

Question 4

Noble gases are unreactive because their atoms …

Answer 4

Have stable electronic arrangements

Question 5

Atoms other than noble gases can achieve stable electronic structures by … Or … Electrons to form ions ( or … Electrons to form … Bonds)

Answer 5

Gaining
Losing
Sharing
Covalent

Question 6

Positive and negative ions … To form … Bonds

Answer 6

Attract

Ionic

Question 7

Ionic bonds hold … Charged ions together in … Structures. Strong electrostatic forces of attraction act in … Directions.

Answer 7

Oppositely
Giant
All

Question 8

Each ion in the lattice is … By ions with the … Charge and so is held … In place

Answer 8

Surrounded
Opposite
Firmly

Question 9

Draw a sodium chloride crystal

Answer 9

On paper

Question 10

A lot of … is needed to … the ionic bonds to melt the solids so ionic compounds have … melting and boiling point

Answer 10

Energy
Overcome
High

Question 11

… ionic compounds … conduct electricity as the ions are held firmly in place by strong electrostatic forces

Answer 11

Solid

Cannot

Question 12

When ionic compounds are … in water the ions are … from one another by the water molecules. They are then … to move in solution, are able to … charge and therefore able to … electricity.

Answer 12

Dissolved
Separated 
Free
Carry
Conduct

Question 13

When ionic compounds are melted they are … To conduct electricity as the ions are … To move and are able to … Electrical charge

Answer 13

Able
Free (sea of delocalised electrons)
Carry

Question 14

What is the representation of a sodium chloride called

Answer 14

Giant lattice structure

Question 15

Giant Covalent bonding

Answer 15

• Non metal to non metal
• these structures contain many strong covalent bonds (diamond)
• high melting points
• doesn’t conduct electricity
• not soluble in water

Question 16

Ionic bonding

Answer 16

• Non metal to metal
• gaining or losing electrons to achieve a full outer shell
• high melting points
• cannot conduct electricity
• soluble in water

Question 17

Metallic bonding

Answer 17

• Metal to metal
• lattice structure of metal ions with outer shell electrons free to move through the structure
• high melting point
• conducts electricity
• not soluble in water

Question 18

Covalent bonding is the … Of attraction between a… And the … Of the adjacent atoms

Answer 18

Electrostatic force
Shared pair of electrons
Nucleus

Question 19

Strong covalent bonds exist between atoms to form … molecules. The force of attraction between these molecules is very weak (AKA …) things that have low melting points have a … covalent bond.

Answer 19

Small
Intermolecular forces of attraction
Simple

Question 20

Name 3 properties, uses and the structures of graphite

Answer 20

• Layers slide over each other, lubricant and pencil lead, forms flat sheets of covalently bonded structures which are stacked on top of each other but held together by weak non covalent interactions
• conducts electricity, electrodes, as there is a vast delocalisation within the carbon layers which have free electrons so are able to conduct electricity
• very high melting point, crucible for holding molten metal, the bonds holding together the layers (intermolecular bonds) are very strong and requires a lot of energy to separate

Question 21

Name 3 properties, uses and structures of a diamond

Answer 21

• doesn’t conduct electricity, insulating material, no free electrons to carry electricity current as all of its valence electrons are involved in bonding
• hardest material known, cutting tools and drills, has most stable atomic structure which makes it more difficult to remove molecules
• very high melting point, jewellery, strong carbon covalent bonds which is considered as a stone with superlative physical qualities as contains bonds which are extremely hard to break

Question 22

Diamonds and graphite both only contain … And are … Of each other

Answer 22

Carbon

Allotropes

Question 23

Metallic bonding properties

Answer 23

• high melting and boiling points: as they have powerful attractions so a lot of energy is required to separate them
• conduct electricity: this is because the delocalised electrons are free to move throughout the structure
• malleable: easily beaten into shape
• ductile: easily pulled into wires

Question 24

Simple molecular (covalent) bonding

Answer 24

- non metal to non metal - electrostatic force of attraction between a shared pair of electrons - low melting points - cannot conduct electricity - insoluble

Question 25

Cation and anion difference

Answer 25

Cation is positive | Anion is negative

Question 26

Hydroxide charge and symbol

Answer 26

-1 | OH

Question 27

Nitrate charge and symbol

Answer 27

-1 | NO3

Question 28

Carbonate charge and symbol

Answer 28

-2 | CO3

Question 29

Sulphate charge and symbol

Answer 29

-2 | SO4

Question 30

Sulphite charge and symbol

Answer 30

-2 | SO3

Question 31

Solid structure

Answer 31

Tight, uniform, small vibrations, strong forces of attraction between them

Question 32

Liquid structure

Answer 32

Moulds to its container, particles still touching a bit with some gaps, less dense than solids, forces of attraction are weaker

Question 33

Gas structure

Answer 33

Very far apart, not uniform structure, basically no forces of attraction between them

Question 34

When a solid turns to liquid

Answer 34

Melts at its melting point, vibrations become stronger an stronger until forces of attraction are no longer strong enough to hold them together

Question 35

When a liquid turns to a gas (evaporation)

Answer 35

Some fast particles on the surface of the liquid will have enough energy to break away from the gas

Question 36

When a gas turns to a liquid

Answer 36

Condensation, when gas is cooled the particles eventually move slowly enough that attractions between them hold as a liquid

Question 37

When a liquid turns to a solid

Answer 37

Solidification, particles start to move slowly until so slow that forces of attraction can hold them together in a solid

Question 38

Solid to gas and vice versa

Answer 38

Sublimation, no ability to be in a liquid state

Question 39

When a liquid turns to a gas (boiling)

Answer 39

When the liquid is heated so strongly that the particles are moving fast enough to break all forces of attraction, bubbles of gaseous particles are formed throughout the liquid and rise to the surface

Question 40

A gas can diffuse between others, describe it vertically and horizontally

Answer 40

Vertically - quickly if denser gas on top | Horizontally - slowly and diffuse not in the middle but on the side of denser gas

Question 41

Dilution of strongly coloured solution like potassium manganate and water

Answer 41

Takes days for the colour to diffuse throughout the whole water as only smalls gaps between the liquid particles for other particles to diffuse into

Question 42

Diffusion of bromine particles and air

Answer 42

Can diffuse very easily, the brown colour will diffuse upwards or sideways until all the colours are light brown, boh particles bounce around constantly to give an even mixture

Question 43

Define an atom

Answer 43

the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element, consisting of a nucleus containing combinations of neutrons and protons and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus by electrical attraction; the number of protons determines the identity of the element.

Question 44

Define a molecule

Answer 44

the smallest physical unit of an element or compound, consisting of one or more like atoms in an element and two or more different atoms in a compound.

Question 45

Define an element

Answer 45

one of a class of substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

Question 46

Define a compound

Answer 46

a pure substance composed of two or more elements whose composition is constant.

Question 47

Define a mixture

Answer 47

two or more substances that are not chemically united and that exist in no fixed proportion to each other

Question 48

Atom structure

Answer 48

Nucleus made up of protons and neutrons | Electrons found in large distance from the nucleus orbiting it

Question 49

Relative charge and mass for a neutron

Answer 49

Charge - 0 | Mass - 1

Question 50

Relative charge and mass for an electron

Answer 50

Charge - -1 | Mass - 0

Question 51

Relative charge and mass for a proton

Answer 51

Charge - +1 | Mass - 1