Organisation

Question 1

What is a cell?

Answer 1

The smallest living unit that makes up all living organisms

Question 2

What is a tissue?

Answer 2

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Question 3

What is an organ?

Answer 3

Group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

Question 4

What is an organ system?

Answer 4

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function

Question 5

What is an example of some tissues?

Answer 5

Muscular tissue - Contracts
Glandular tissue - secretes chemicals
Epithelial tissue - Covers body parts

Question 6

What is an example of a organ system?

Answer 6

Digestive system

Question 7

What is an enzyme?

Answer 7

A biological catalyst

Question 8

What is a catalyst?

Answer 8

Something that speeds up a reaction

Question 9

What are enzymes made up out of?

Answer 9

They are large proteins meaning they are made up of chains of amino acids

Question 10

Why do enzymes have special shapes?

Answer 10

So their specific substrates can fit in to them as they need to react

Question 11

What is the formula for rate of reaction?

Answer 11

Amount reacted divided by time taken for the reaction to happen

Question 12

What are the three notable enzymes used in digestion?

Answer 12

Amylase, Protease, Lipase

Question 13

Where is amylase made?

Answer 13

Salivary gland
Pancreas
Small intestine

Question 14

What does amylase bind to and make

Answer 14

Binds to starch
produces simple sugars

Question 15

What does protease bind to and make

Answer 15

binds to proteins
converts in to amino acids

Question 16

What does lipase bind to and make

Answer 16

Lipids
Glycerol/Fatty acids

Question 17

Where is protease made?

Answer 17

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

Question 18

Where is lipase made

Answer 18

Pancreas
Small intestine

Question 19

Where is bile made?

Answer 19

In the liver

Question 20

Where is bile stored?

Answer 20

Gall bladder

Question 21

What is bile used for?

Answer 21

1) Neutralises acidic stomach acid as bile is alkaline
2) Emulsifies fats making it easier for lipase to do its job

Question 22

What is the food test for sugars?

Answer 22

Using a Benedict’s solution and a water bath
will turn brick red if positive sugar presence

Question 23

What is the food test for starch

Answer 23

Using iodine solution
Turns blue black if positive starch presence

Question 24

What is the test for proteins?

Answer 24

Using biuret solution, add to sample and gently shake
will turn purple if positiver presence

Question 25

Where does gas exchange take place?

Answer 25

The alveoli

Question 26

What is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 26

The artery that takes unoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 27

What is the pulmonary vein?

Answer 27

Vein that takes oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 28

Explain how the human lungs are adapted for efficient gas exchange.

Answer 28

- Many alveoli provide larger surface area - Capillaries one cell thick to provide short diffusion pathway - Breathing mechanism moves oxygen in and carbon dioxide out to maintain concentration gradient - Good blood supply to remove oxygenated blood quickly and bring Carbon dioxide in quickly

Question 29

Why is active transport used?

Answer 29

- To go up concentration gradient - Energy is needed

Question 30

Why would having a single circulatory system less efficient than having a double circulatory system?

Answer 30

Less efficient as deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood get mixed up which would mean less oxygen gets to the body

Question 31

What would be the problem with a single circulatory system animal in a low oxygen concentration environment?

Answer 31

- Concentration gradient is shallower therefore less oxygen diffuses in to blood - So less aerobic respiration can occur -> Metabolism slows - More anaerobic respiration occurs -> Lactic acid buildup

Question 32

What are Alveoli?

Answer 32

- Air sacs found in the lungs that are surrounded by blood capillaries - Place where gas exchanges

Question 33

What are pacemaker cells?

Answer 33

A little group of cells in the heart that decides the resting heart rate of humans

Question 34

How do pacemaker cells work?

Answer 34

Sends electrical impulse which spreads to muscle cells in heart, causing them to contract

Question 35

What are features of the artery?

Answer 35

- Thick walls to withstand/maintain high pressure - Small lumen to maintain high pressure

Question 36

What are the features of the vein?

Answer 36

- They have valves to prevent backflow of blood - Bigger lumen to help flow of blood despite low pressure

Question 37

What are the features of capillaries?

Answer 37

- Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient - Walls one cell thick to shorten diffusion pathway - They supply nutrients and oxygen, while taking away waste like Carbon Dioxide

Question 38

How do you calculate rate of bloodflow?

Answer 38

Rate of blood flow = Volume of blood / Number of minutes

Question 39

What is the purpose of the red blood cell?

Answer 39

To carry oxygen around the body

Question 40

What is the shape of the red blood cell and why is it like that?

Answer 40

Biconcave disc and it increases surface area for absorbing of oxygen

Question 41

Why does the red blood cell not have a nucleus?

Answer 41

This allows more room for them to carry oxygen

Question 42

What red pigment do red blood cells contain and why do they need it?

Answer 42

They contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to carry oxygen around the body

Question 43

What are the two different types of white blood cells?

Answer 43

There are lymphocytes and phagocytes

Question 44

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 44

They produce antitoxins to neutralise bacteria toxins

Question 45

What do phagocytes do?

Answer 45

They engulf pathogens through phagocytosis