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Biology GCSE > organisation > Flashcards

organisation Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the digestive system

A

-mouth/teeth
-oesophagus
-liver
-stomach
-gall bladder
-pancreas
-small intestines
-large intestines
anus

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2
Q

what is indigestion?

A

large insoluble molecules broken down into smaller ones

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3
Q

what is a enzyme?

A

a catalyst… they speed up the reaction without being used up.

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4
Q

amylase

  • released
  • breaks down what
A
  • salivary glands and pancreas

- carbohydrates into simple sugars

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5
Q

protease

  • released
  • breaks down what?
A
  • stomach and pancreas

- proteins into amino acids

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6
Q

lipase

  • released?
  • breaks down what?
A
  • pancreas

- fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol

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7
Q

what biological molecule are enzymes made of?

A

proteins

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8
Q

what is the active sight of a enzyme?

A

it is where the substrate binds

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9
Q

what is a substrate?

A

substance (chemical) that a enzyme works on

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10
Q

what are the products of digestion used for in the body?

A

they are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. glucose is used in respiration

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11
Q

what does denatured mean?

A

that the active site of the enzyme has changed shape so the substrate can’t fit.

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12
Q

how does increasing temperature affect enzyme activity

A

it increases the rate due to increased amounts of collisions but if it is too hot the enzyme will denature

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13
Q

how does PH affect enzyme activity?

A

if it is too acidic or alkaline the enzyme will denature

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14
Q

what is the role of bile in digestion?

A

it neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats

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15
Q

where in the body is bile made?

A

bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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16
Q

what is the double circulatory system?

A

where blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs and the body at the same time.

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17
Q

what is a pacemaker?

A

a group of cells in the right atrium that controls the heart rate

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18
Q

what is the role of coronary arteries?

A

to supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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19
Q

where does the left atrium pump blood to?

A

the left ventricle

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20
Q

where does the gas exchange take place in the lungs

A

the alveoli

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21
Q

what carries blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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22
Q

what blood vessels are only one cell thick?

A

capillaries

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23
Q

which blood vessels are thick and tough?

A

arteries

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24
Q

what blood vessels have valves?

A

veins

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25
Q

what is plasma?

A

the pale yellow fluid part of blood that carries waste, hormones and co2

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26
Q

what does the red blood cell do?

A

carry blood around the body

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27
Q

what is the role of platelets?

A

they form clots and reduce bleeding

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28
Q

what is heart disease

A

Where layers of fatty material build

up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them.

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29
Q

What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

Smoking, high

blood pressure, high cholesterol and not enough exercise.

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30
Q

What is a stent?

A

A metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery

to keep the artery open.

31
Q

what are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce the harmful cholesterol in the

blood .

32
Q

what is the roll of heart valves

A

To stop the blood in the heart from

flowing in the wrong direction.

33
Q

Give two faults that can occur with heart valves.

A

They may not open

fully or develop a leak.

34
Q

What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves?

A

They can have their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical).

35
Q

Name three conditions that can lead to heart failure.

A

Atherosclerosis

CHD), cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease (born with it

36
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Infectious diseases caused by microbes

that can be spread.

37
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases not caused by infections and

cannot be spread.

38
Q

Name 4 ways that different types of disease can interact to make a person ill.

A

Defects in the immune system, viruses that can trigger cancer, immune
reactions caused by pathogens, physical ill health.

39
Q

List some human costs of non-communicable diseases.

A

Lower quality of life,

shorter life span.

40
Q

List some financial costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Healthcare costs,

reduced income, buying of specialist equipment.

41
Q

Name two other risk factors that affect health

A

Lifestyle and substances taken into the body or in the environment.

42
Q

What are the risk factors for cardio vascular disease?

A

Diet, smoking, lack of

exercise.

43
Q

What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity

44
Q

How does alcohol cause liver disease?

A

It causes the liver to

become fatty and this can lead to cirrhosis.

45
Q

What does alcohol damage in the brain?

A

It damages the nerve

cells and the brain mass may shrink.

46
Q

What is COPD?

A

A group of lung diseases that narrow airways

making it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs.

47
Q

Give two examples of COPD.

A

Bronchitis and emphysema.

48
Q

what is the main cause of copd

A

smoking

49
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer?

A

smoking

50
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Persistent cough,

frequent chest infections, coughing up blood, breathlessness.

51
Q

What are the risks of smoking while pregnant?

A

Miscarriage,

premature births, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

52
Q

What is the risk of heavy drinking throughout pregnancy?

A

It can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome.

53
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

a substance that can cause cancer

54
Q

How can carcinogens cause cancer?

A

they damage DNA or speed

up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occurring.

55
Q

Name four types of carcinogens?

A

Tobacco, alcohol, occupational

carcinogens, ionising radiation.

56
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell

growth.

57
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

An abnormal growth of cell in a membrane contained in one area.

58
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

An abnormal growth of cells that invade other tissues and can spread in the body.

59
Q

which type of tumour is cancerous?

A

malignant

60
Q

What is a plant tissue?

A

A group of similar plant cells working together to carry out a particular function.

61
Q

what is a epidermal?

A

it covers the surface of the plant for protection

62
Q

what is a palisade mesophyll

A

where the cells are packed with chloroplasts, it is the site of most of the photosynthesis

63
Q

what is spongy mesophyll

A

a place where photosynthesis takes place, large air spaces for gas exchange

64
Q

xylem and phloem

A

form vascular bundles and transport water, mineral ions and glucose around the plant.

65
Q

meristem

A

found at the tips of roots and shoots, where cell differentiation occurs

66
Q

what is the role of the leaf organ?

A

to photosynthesis

67
Q

what is the role of the guard cells

A

to open and close letting gases in and out through the stoma

68
Q

what is a plant organ.

A

A group of plant tissues working together to

carry out a particular function.

69
Q

Name the organs in the plant organ system that transports substances around the plant.

A

Stem, leaf and root.

70
Q

What is the role of the root hair cell?

A

To take in water and mineral ions from the soil.

71
Q

what is transpiration?

A

The movement of water and mineral ions

from the roots to the stems and leaves.

72
Q

what is translocation?

A

The movement of dissolved sugars from the

leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

73
Q

What factors increase the rate of transpiration?

A

Increased temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity.

Biology GCSE (6 decks)

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