organisation

Question 1

parts of the digestive system

Answer 1

-mouth/teeth
-oesophagus
-liver
-stomach
-gall bladder
-pancreas
-small intestines
-large intestines
anus

Question 2

what is indigestion?

Answer 2

large insoluble molecules broken down into smaller ones

Question 3

what is a enzyme?

Answer 3

a catalyst… they speed up the reaction without being used up.

Question 4

amylase

• released
• breaks down what

Answer 4

• salivary glands and pancreas

- carbohydrates into simple sugars

Question 5

protease

• released
• breaks down what?

Answer 5

• stomach and pancreas

- proteins into amino acids

Question 6

lipase

• released?
• breaks down what?

Answer 6

• pancreas

- fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 7

what biological molecule are enzymes made of?

Answer 7

proteins

Question 8

what is the active sight of a enzyme?

Answer 8

it is where the substrate binds

Question 9

what is a substrate?

Answer 9

substance (chemical) that a enzyme works on

Question 10

what are the products of digestion used for in the body?

Answer 10

they are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. glucose is used in respiration

Question 11

what does denatured mean?

Answer 11

that the active site of the enzyme has changed shape so the substrate can’t fit.

Question 12

how does increasing temperature affect enzyme activity

Answer 12

it increases the rate due to increased amounts of collisions but if it is too hot the enzyme will denature

Question 13

how does PH affect enzyme activity?

Answer 13

if it is too acidic or alkaline the enzyme will denature

Question 14

what is the role of bile in digestion?

Answer 14

it neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats

Question 15

where in the body is bile made?

Answer 15

bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

Question 16

what is the double circulatory system?

Answer 16

where blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs and the body at the same time.

Question 17

what is a pacemaker?

Answer 17

a group of cells in the right atrium that controls the heart rate

Question 18

what is the role of coronary arteries?

Answer 18

to supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

Question 19

where does the left atrium pump blood to?

Answer 19

the left ventricle

Question 20

where does the gas exchange take place in the lungs

Answer 20

the alveoli

Question 21

what carries blood away from the heart?

Answer 21

arteries

Question 22

what blood vessels are only one cell thick?

Answer 22

capillaries

Question 23

which blood vessels are thick and tough?

Answer 23

arteries

Question 24

what blood vessels have valves?

Answer 24

veins

Question 25

what is plasma?

Answer 25

the pale yellow fluid part of blood that carries waste, hormones and co2

Question 26

what does the red blood cell do?

Answer 26

carry blood around the body

Question 27

what is the role of platelets?

Answer 27

they form clots and reduce bleeding

Question 28

what is heart disease

Answer 28

Where layers of fatty material build | up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them.

Question 29

What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?

Answer 29

Smoking, high | blood pressure, high cholesterol and not enough exercise.

Question 30

What is a stent?

Answer 30

A metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery | to keep the artery open.

Question 31

what are statins?

Answer 31

Drugs that reduce the harmful cholesterol in the | blood .

Question 32

what is the roll of heart valves

Answer 32

To stop the blood in the heart from | flowing in the wrong direction.

Question 33

Give two faults that can occur with heart valves.

Answer 33

They may not open | fully or develop a leak.

Question 34

What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves?

Answer 34

They can have their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical).

Question 35

Name three conditions that can lead to heart failure.

Answer 35

Atherosclerosis | CHD), cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease (born with it

Question 36

What are communicable diseases?

Answer 36

Infectious diseases caused by microbes | that can be spread.

Question 37

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 37

Diseases not caused by infections and | cannot be spread.

Question 38

Name 4 ways that different types of disease can interact to make a person ill.

Answer 38

Defects in the immune system, viruses that can trigger cancer, immune reactions caused by pathogens, physical ill health.

Question 39

List some human costs of non-communicable diseases.

Answer 39

Lower quality of life, | shorter life span.

Question 40

List some financial costs of non-communicable diseases

Answer 40

Healthcare costs, | reduced income, buying of specialist equipment.

Question 41

Name two other risk factors that affect health

Answer 41

Lifestyle and substances taken into the body or in the environment.

Question 42

What are the risk factors for cardio vascular disease?

Answer 42

Diet, smoking, lack of | exercise.

Question 43

What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 43

obesity

Question 44

How does alcohol cause liver disease?

Answer 44

It causes the liver to | become fatty and this can lead to cirrhosis.

Question 45

What does alcohol damage in the brain?

Answer 45

It damages the nerve | cells and the brain mass may shrink.

Question 46

What is COPD?

Answer 46

A group of lung diseases that narrow airways | making it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs.

Question 47

Give two examples of COPD.

Answer 47

Bronchitis and emphysema.

Question 48

what is the main cause of copd

Answer 48

smoking

Question 49

What is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer?

Answer 49

smoking

Question 50

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 50

Persistent cough, | frequent chest infections, coughing up blood, breathlessness.

Question 51

What are the risks of smoking while pregnant?

Answer 51

Miscarriage, | premature births, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Question 52

What is the risk of heavy drinking throughout pregnancy?

Answer 52

It can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 53

what is a carcinogen?

Answer 53

a substance that can cause cancer

Question 54

How can carcinogens cause cancer?

Answer 54

they damage DNA or speed | up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occurring.

Question 55

Name four types of carcinogens?

Answer 55

Tobacco, alcohol, occupational | carcinogens, ionising radiation.

Question 56

What is a tumour?

Answer 56

A mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell | growth.

Question 57

What are benign tumours?

Answer 57

An abnormal growth of cell in a membrane contained in one area.

Question 58

What are malignant tumours?

Answer 58

An abnormal growth of cells that invade other tissues and can spread in the body.

Question 59

which type of tumour is cancerous?

Answer 59

malignant

Question 60

What is a plant tissue?

Answer 60

A group of similar plant cells working together to carry out a particular function.

Question 61

what is a epidermal?

Answer 61

it covers the surface of the plant for protection

Question 62

what is a palisade mesophyll

Answer 62

where the cells are packed with chloroplasts, it is the site of most of the photosynthesis

Question 63

what is spongy mesophyll

Answer 63

a place where photosynthesis takes place, large air spaces for gas exchange

Question 64

xylem and phloem

Answer 64

form vascular bundles and transport water, mineral ions and glucose around the plant.

Question 65

meristem

Answer 65

found at the tips of roots and shoots, where cell differentiation occurs

Question 66

what is the role of the leaf organ?

Answer 66

to photosynthesis

Question 67

what is the role of the guard cells

Answer 67

to open and close letting gases in and out through the stoma

Question 68

what is a plant organ.

Answer 68

A group of plant tissues working together to | carry out a particular function.

Question 69

Name the organs in the plant organ system that transports substances around the plant.

Answer 69

Stem, leaf and root.

Question 70

What is the role of the root hair cell?

Answer 70

To take in water and mineral ions from the soil.

Question 71

what is transpiration?

Answer 71

The movement of water and mineral ions | from the roots to the stems and leaves.

Question 72

what is translocation?

Answer 72

The movement of dissolved sugars from the | leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

Question 73

What factors increase the rate of transpiration?

Answer 73

Increased temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity.