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Organisiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Levels of organisation in multicellular organism

A

Cells - tissue- organs - organ system

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2
Q

Organelle

A

Specialised unit in cells specific func )mit, nucleus)

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3
Q

Cell

A

basic building block in living organisms ( heart muscle cell)

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4
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells work together perform shared function (muscle )

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5
Q

Organ

A

structure made of groups of different tissue - specific function (heart)

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6
Q

Organ system

A

Group organs - work together specific function (circulatory system)

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7
Q

Adaptations of effective exchange surfaces

A
  1. LARGE SURFACE AREA= flat leaves, alveoli lungs , villi intestines
  2. SHORT DIFFUSION DISTANCE= cell membrane, flat leaves, capillaries , capillarie wall one cell thick’s
    (3. efficient blood supply) = network of cappilaries surrounding alveoli/villi
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8
Q

What gas exchange occurs in the lungs

A

O2 air-blood
Co2 is waste product X X X 💙💙💙💙✨✨
Blood - lungs- air

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9
Q

Respiration system structure

A

trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alvioli cartilage rings in walls keep it open when air drawn in
Lungs enclosed in thorax in 12 pairs of ribs
Ribs moved by intercostal muscles
Diaphragm m below lungs
🫁

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10
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A

small = large sa: vol
millions
(short diffusion path, capillary / alveoli wall 1 cell thick)
(ventilation maintains high [grad]

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11
Q

what do we do when we run out of oxygen

A

run out of O2- anaerobic respiration
short time
glucose in muscle-lactic acid+ E

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12
Q

what is limiting factor photosynthesis light

A

chlorophyll

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13
Q

greenhouses

A

light= glass max transmission artificial optimum wl
co2= paraffin heaters, factory waste , fungi resp
water= hydroponics max mineral ions, irrigation
temp= heat/cold

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14
Q

why do organisms need E

A

E needed for muscle contract
plants phloem transport
chem reactions = build complex carbs /proteins/lipids

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15
Q

what can you make from glucose

A

starch
cellulose
lipids
protein

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16
Q

digest human what we make

A

amino acids
lipids
starch

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17
Q

what type of energy is released in respiration

A

chemical= ATP
heat distributed in blood maintain temp
40% efficient

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18
Q

C6H12O2

A
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19
Q

where does resp occur in human

A

cytoplasm-mitochondria

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20
Q

anaerobic resp equation

A

muscles glucose-lactic acid+ E
we can also use yeast glucose- ethanol + CO2 + E

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21
Q

yeast glucose-ethanol + CO2 + E

A
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22
Q

where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

cytoplasm only

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23
Q

compare aerobic + anaerobic resp

A

Aerobic-O2, complete oxidation glucose, |CO2 + H20|lots of E
Anaerobic- no/little|incomplete, products still contain E | lactic acid| little E| incomplete oxidation|

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24
Q

uses of yeast

A

alcohol
bread
(CO2 makes bread rise)

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25
what happens to body during exercise
breathing rate increases=more O2 + remove CO2 heart rate increases= supply muscles with more O2 + remove CO2 muscles have lots of mitochondria insufficient O2- anaerobic resp glucose- lactic acid+ E lactic acid build up-O2 debt use glycogen muscles muscles get fatigued
26
where’s glycogen stored
muscles convert - glucose - anaerobic resp
27
sources of glucose
respiration carbohydrates liver muscles use glycogen stores
28
what happens when lactic acid builds up
oxygen debt- extra o2 to recover glycogen stores are low - muscles get fatigued
29
what is oxygen debt
amount of O2 needed to remove lactic acid lactic acid needs to be removed blood carries to the liver oxidised-Co2 + H2o or converted- glucose - glycogen stores
30
what is metabolism
all the chem reactions in cells of an organism controlled by enzymes
31
what is glucose used for in plants
respiration form lipids and carbs form proteins make cellulose soil- aa- protein
32
what do they release
starch - glucose lipids- glucose proteins- aa- glucose
33
amino acids form
protein
34
fatty acids and glyecerol form
lipids
35
products of digestion
proteins- aa + aa lipids - fa + glycerol carbs - glucose+ glucose
36
3 nutrients + function + sources
carb= E , glucose , resp like bread, pasta protein= grow + repair like meat, egg, cheese lipids= E, part of cell mem = butter, meat oily fishes
37
what is starch and why we break it down
polymer of glucose too large to pass through gut - glucose is small so absorb
38
what is cellulose made from
polymer of glucose (plant cell wall)
39
what happens to glucose after it’s absorbed
used for resp store as glycogen in muscle and livers
40
products of lipid digestion
form glycerol form fatty acids
41
what test for sugars
benedicts 1. add benedict’s solution 2. heat water bath blue- red brown if it’s there
42
how is the small intestine adapted for digestion
villi and microvilli = increase sa for absorption lots of capillaries = maintain the diffusion gradient epithelium 1 cell thick = short diffusion distance alveoli = site of gas exchange
43
what’s enzyme
biological catalyst ->speed up chem reactions
44
what is activation energy reduced by
enzymes
45
how do enzymes work
complex 3d shape specific active site substrate collides w enzyme complementary shape - bind tg substrate broken down by enzyme
46
what factors affect enzymes
temp= low not many collisions higher 37 optimum high denatures not complementary to substrate PH = changes shape of active site no longer complementary
47
3 digestion enzymes
protease , lipase , amylase
48
explain enzyme denaturing
high temps break force active site changes shape substrate no longer complimentary reaction slows/stops
49
explain carbs digestion
1. mouth salivary amylase = starch-maltose 2. small intestine: pancreatic amylase = starch- maltose 3. small intestine: ileum maltase = maltose - glucose- absorb
50
explain protein digestion
1. stomach : gland pepsin = proteins- amino acids 2. small int: trypsin - aa 3. small int: ileum peptidase- aa
51
explain lipid digestion
1. small int: pancreas lipase= lipids- glycerol + fatty acid
52
what does liver do in digestion
produces bile emulsifies lipids breaks up into droplets increases surface area for lipase to digest alkali neutralises stomach acid optimum PH for pancreatic enz
53
where is bile produced and stored
produced = liver stored= gall bladder
54
what do enzymes do in digestion
break down large , insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules so can be absorbed
55
amylase/carbohydrase
starch-sugar
56
protease
amino acid
57
lipase
fatty acid and glycerol
58
function of red blood cell
contain haemogoblin carries O2 around body no nucleus!!!! bioconcare shape 🧬
59
white blood cells
form immune system engulf pathogen/make antibodies
60
platelets
fragments of cells help blood clotting + scab formation
61
plasma
liquid part of blood carries CO2 GLUCOSE ACIDS UREA IONS HORMONES
62
uses of glucose in plant
S- starch C- cellulose A- amino acids R- respiration F- fats/oils

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