Infection and response Xo

Question 1

Doo doo

Answer 1

Protist= single-celled EUkaryote ( nuclEUs)

Question 2

How is malaria spread?

Answer 2

1. mosquitos in high temp countries carry protist (asia,africa)
2. suck blood from infected ppl -> pass onto other ppl =vector transmits
   Malaria symptoms
   •fever
   •sweats/chills
   •headaches
   •vomit
   •diarrhoea

Question 3

How is malaria prevented?

Answer 3

Vaccine, sleep under nets , insect repellent avoid bites, anti malaria Drugs

Question 4

Fungi

Answer 4

Large group of eukaryotes contain single celled yeast, mould, mushrooms

Question 5

Athletes foot fungus rash
Symptoms= red, dry,flaky,wet,cracked skin
Cause=
Transmitted by touching infected skin or surfaces (changin room, gyms, swimming pools)

Question 6

Rose black spot

Answer 6

fungus infects rose leaves
black/purple spots, rest turns yellow/ fall off plant
reduces ps reduces growth
treatment= fungicides+remove infected leaves

Question 7

How can pathogen transmission be prevented/reduced

Answer 7

1. sterilising water, cholera, chemicals/UV Kill
2. food hygiene, salmonella, cook thoroughly
3. personal hygiene, athletes foot, disinfect surfaces kill
4. vaccine, measles = weak version of pathogen, immune sister learns to defend itself
5. contraception, HIV/AiDs= barrier stops body fluid transfer

Question 8

What is the body’s first line of defence against pathogens

Answer 8

general non specific defence system (chemical, physical)

Question 9

what is pathogen

Answer 9

microorganism causes disease
virus
bacteria
fungi
protists

Question 10

explain life cycle of virus

Answer 10

survive outside of host for long times
infect host and replicate themselves in the cell thousands of times 1000x
Dna+ protein coat
host cell bursts -> infect another cell

Question 11

can viruses be treated with antibiotics

Answer 11

NO
antibiotics= bacteria

Question 12

what’s tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 12

infects tomatoes/ peppers
transmitted by plant contact
infects the chloroplasts in the leaves
changes color from green to yellow
mosaic, curl

Question 13

what is HIV/ AIDS

Answer 13

transmitted by bodily fluids
mild flu
months/years you can develop aids
becomes active and attacks ur immune system

Question 14

what is measles

Answer 14

infectious
young children
transmitted by air or tiny droplets LIEK SNEEZE
vaccine

Question 15

bacterial disease examples

Answer 15

gonorrhoea
salmonella

Question 16

is bacteria eukaryote or prokaryote

Answer 16

PROKARYOTE
IT HAS NO NUCLEUS

Question 17

What is gonorrhoea

Answer 17

StD bacteria, common young
burning on urination
yellow/ green discharge
preventable = contraception
treat= antibiotics

Question 18

what is salmonella

Answer 18

food poisoning
raw meats, eggs , poultry
Uk poultry vaccinated
reheat food properly

Question 19

what’s a protist

Answer 19

single celled
eukaryote

Question 20

what is malaria

Answer 20

mosquitos
high temp
mosquitos r a vector
fever, sweat , chills, headache , diarrhoea, vomiting
vaccine

Question 21

what’s a vector

Answer 21

organism that spreads disease

Question 22

How to stop the diseases

Answer 22

salmonella = food hygiene= cook thoroughly
athletes foot= self hygiene= kill pathogen , wash disinfectant
measles= vaccine= small dead pathogen
hiv/ aids = contraception
cholera = sterilise water

Question 23

graph question

Answer 23

overall trend
overall change
pattern constant/ change
specific data points

Question 24

general non defense systems against disease

Answer 24

skin
cilia hairs that move mucus and pathogen up to your throat
goblet cells= produce mucus
nose hairs = barrier
eyes= tears contain enz
stomach= HCl acid kill pathogens

Question 25

2 types of white blood cell

Answer 25

phagocytes- engulf waste/harm/foreign material lymphocytes- produce antibodies - attack pathogen

Question 26

what are phagocytes

Answer 26

attracted to the pathogen-bind-engulf enzymes break and destroy down pathogen

Question 27

what are lymphocytes

Answer 27

recognise antigens (proteins on pathogen surface) produce antibodies -> pathogens stick together-> easier for phagocyte to engulf specific white blood cells

Question 28

what is a vaccine

Answer 28

weak/dead pathogen triggers wbc immune system produce complementary antibodies

Question 29

what is an antigen

Answer 29

specific protein pathogen surface triggers immune response

Question 30

how does immune response fight pathogen

Answer 30

lymphocyte regicides specific antigen produces complementary antibodies bind antigen+ stick pathogen together phagocute engulfs pathogen enz breakdown pathogen

Question 31

1st vs 2nd exposure to pathogen differences

Answer 31

quicker memory cells bigger more antibodies

Question 32

herd immunity

Answer 32

majority of population is vaccinated against the disease reduces change of contact with pathogen/spread

Question 33

what happens if only a few ppl in a population are vaccinated

Answer 33

more likely to contact infected/contagious ppl increase in no of infections increase in no die from disease risk of mass infection

Question 34

what do painkillers do

Answer 34

relieve the symptoms

Question 35

what do antibiotics do

Answer 35

slows/stop bacteria growth kill pathogen

Question 36

who invented penicilin (1)

Answer 36

alexander fleming

Question 37

how do antibiotics work

Answer 37

they damage the bacterial cells specific to 1 type of bacteria

Question 38

why are viruses difficult to treat

Answer 38

antiviral drug- might damage the host cell whilst killing the virus viruses reproduce inside host cells antivirals slow it down viruses change antigens quickly

Question 39

how can viruses be treated

Answer 39

antiviral drugs = slow down virus