Organisms that make up microbial world Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
shape of cells are like “berries” (e.g., S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, N. gonorrhoeae
A
cocci
1
Q
9 Major characteristics of microorganisms
A
- Morphological/Structural
- Chemical
- Cultural
- Metabolic.
- Antigenic
- Atmospheric Requirmenets
- Genetic
- Pathogenicity
- Ecological
2
Q
cells are rod shaped (e.g., E. coli, P. vulgaris)
A
bacilli
3
Q
cells have one or more twist (e.g., Vibrio cholera, Treponema pallidum)
A
spiral
4
Q
cells changes shape or size in response to environmental conditions; adapts to the environment
A
pleomorphic
5
Q
arrangement - cocci
it has one plane of division; composed of 2 cells
A
diplo
6
Q
arrangement - cocci
it has one plane of division; composed of many cells; “stacks”
A
strepto
7
Q
arrangement - cocci
it has two plane of division
A
tetrad
8
Q
arrangement - cocci
it has three plane of division
A
sarcinae
9
Q
arrangement - bacilli
one plane of division
A
strepto
10
Q
arrangement - bacilli
thick, short type of bacilli; almost the same with diplo
A
coccobacillus
11
Q
arrangement - spiral
one twist
A
vibrio
12
Q
arrangement - spiral
many twists
A
spirillum
13
Q
for synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, energy source
A
carbon
14
Q
require ORGANIC carbon as energy source (e.g. glucos)
A
heterotrophs
15
Q
require INORGANIC carbon as energy source (e.g. carbon dioxide)
A
autotrophs
16
Q
it is a major component of proteins, nucleic acid, co-enzymes; terminal electron acceptor in respiration by some bacteria (nitrates)
A
nitrogen
17
Q
constituent of some amino acids in proteins and some coenzymes (methionine & cystine)
A
sulfur
18
Q
most abundant; constituent of water and most organic cell components; electrin acceptor in AEROBIC respiration
A
oxygen
19
Q
consituent of water and organic cell components, hydrogen ions form hydrogen bonds, and maintain pH of sol’n
A
hydrogen
20
Q
component of ATP, phospholipid and coenzymes
A
phosphorus
21
Q
they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 15-20 degree Celsius
A
psychrophiles
22
Q
they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 20-40 degree Celsius
A
mesophiles
23
Q
they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 45-80 degree Celsius
A
thermophiles
24
they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 180-250 degree Celsius
hyperthermophiles
25
what is the term for microorganisms that has a pH level of < 5.4
acidophile
26
what is the term for microorganisms that has a pH level of 5.4-8.5
neutrophiles
27
what is the term for microorganisms that has a pH level of 8.5-11.5
alkaliphiles
28
microorganisms that absorbs light as a way of obtaining energy
phototrophic
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microorganisms that makes their own energy as a way of obtaining energy
chemotrophic
30
they are distinctive antigens
antigenic
31
microorganisms that have absolute oxygen requirement (e.g. M. tuberculosis, Pseudomonas spp.)
obligate aerobes
32
microorganisms that can multiply in the presence/absence of oxygen (e.g. Enterics)
facultative anaerobes
33
microorganisms that are unable to multiply in the presence of oxygen (e.g. Clostridium, Bordetella, Bacteroides)
obligate anaerobes
34
microorganisms that prefers presence of 5-10% carbon dioxide with small amounts of oxygen (e.g. Neisseria spp.)
capnophilic
35
microorganisms that require small amounts of oxygen (2-10% for aerobic resporation; e.g. Campylobacter spp., Sphirochetes)
microaerophilic
36
microorganisms that can grow in the presence of oxygen but DO NOT USE it
aerotolerant
37
it is the ability to cause disease
pathogenicity
38
it is the distinctive hereditary material
genetic
39
it is the distribution to nature, interaction between and among species
ecological
40
what are the 4 eukaryotic microbes?
lichens, algae, fungi, slime molds
41
what are the 3 acellular and prokaryotic microbes
acellular infectious agents, domain bacteria, domain archaea
42
what are the 3 parasites
helminths, protozoa, arthropods
43
photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms; more plantlike than protozoa. cells consists of pellicle (thickened cell membrane), a stigma (light-sensing organelle), and a flagella; pathogenicity - rare: some secrete PHYCOTOXINS that are poisonous (e.g. in paralytic shellfish poisoning)
algae
44
thought to be combination of 2 organisms - alga (cyanobaacterium) and a fungus; recent evidence suggest that a yeast may also be present; NOT associated with human disease
lichens
45
have both fungal and protozoal characteristics; start as AMEBA, but progress into a MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM; decomposer and nutrient recyclers; NOT known to cause human disease
slime molds
46
divided into macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi) and microscopic (molds, yeasts); NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC (lack chlorophyll & vascular system); STEROLS (ergosterol) are usually present in cell membrane
fungi
47
what does the cell walls of a fungi contain?
polysaccharide called chitin
48
a basic form of fungi that has single cells, reproduced by BUDDING
yeasts
49
a basic form of fungi that has hyphae and mycelia, reproduced by MITOSIS
transverse walls (septate hyphae),
multinucleated (nonseptate hyphae)
molds
50
HABITAT - fungi
it is when they grow on organic matter
saprophytic (saprobes)
51
HABITAT - fungi
it is when they grow on bodies of living animals or plants
parasitic
52
all fungi are __________; gets nutrients from organic compound
heterotrophic
53
desirable effects of fungi
decomposers
for chemotherapy
biotechnology, bread and wine industry
protein supplements
production of cellulose, and herbicides
54
undesirable effects of fungi
spoilage of food and grains
plant pathogens
cause human diseases (hypersensitivity reactions, toxicoses (mycotoxicosis)
55
2 types of host response in fungal pathogenesis
granulomatous or pyogenic response
56
they are LIVER NECROSIS due to AMANITIN and PHYLLOIDIN
amanita mushrooms
57
ingestion of contaminated peanuts of grains causes LIVER CANCER due to aflatoxin
aspergillus flavus
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inhalation of the spores causes ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS (IgE-mediated)
aspergillus fumigatus
59
laboratory diagnosis of fungi
what is the term when the low pH inhibits growth of bacteria
sabouraud agad
60
they are a type of acellular infectious agents; obligate intracellular parasites of plants; acellular; naked RNA; no human disease known
viroids
61
a type of acellular infectious agents; non-cellular infectious proteins; naked proteins that have the same amino acid sequence as certain normal human cell surface proteins but have folded differently
prions
62
a type of acellular infectious agents; resistant to nucleases, proteases, many chemicals and normal autoclaving; associated with spongiform encephalopathies (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Kuru, and Fatal Familial Insomnia)
prions
63
susceptible popl'n from this type of acellular infectious agents are women and children of the fore tribe in New Guinea, neurosurgeons and brain surgery patients, transplant surgeons and patients
prions
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it is the appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response of inflammation
spongiform encephalopathies
65
smallest infetious agents; contain only either DNA or RNA as the genome; inert in the extracellular environment; replicate ONLY LIVING CELLS; bacteriophage
virus
66
it is a term for a virus that infect bacteria
bacteriophage
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parts of virus
it surround the center of the virion
capsid / protein coat
68
part of a virus
combination of the nucleic acid and the capsid
nucleocapsid
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part of virus
helps virus attach to host cell
protein spikes
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part of virus
the complete viral particle
virion
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it helps penetrate cell and multiply; surrounds the nucleocapsid; lipid membrane derived from the host cell
membrane envelope
72
a geometric shape with 20 triangular sides (most stable)
icosahedral
73
type of virus that has 2 types: positive stranded or negative stranded
rna viruses
74
RNA is just like an mRNA. when it enters host cell, its RNA can IMMEDIATELY BE TRANSLATED by host ribosomes into protein
postive stranded RNA viruses
75
cannot begin translation immediately. must transcribe negative strand to positive strand. virion has its own RNA dependent polymerase that will carry out transcription of the negative strand into positive
negative stranded RNA viruses
76
cannot be translated into proteins. it must be transcribed into mRNA with susequent translation of mRNA into structural proteins
dna viruses
77
OUTCOMES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
visual or functional change in infected cells
cytopathic effects
78
OUTCOMES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
incogenic viruses induce transformation and unrestrained growth
malignant transformation
79
OUTCOMES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
infected cell appear normal but are producing large number of progeny viruses
commensal symbiosis
80
habitat of bacteria
soil, plants, humans, animal
81
reproduction of bacteria
binary fission
82
ancient bacteria; previously referred to as ARCHAEBACTERIAL and ARCHEOBACTERIA; nonpathogenic
archaea
83
what does methanogens mean?
fuel production from sewage
84
they are organisms that live on or in other living organisms (host)
parasites
NOT ALL organisms studied in parasitology are microorganisms
85
HABITAT of parasites
parasite that is established in or on the EXTERIOR surface of a host (e.g. mites, ticks, lice)
ECTOparasite
86
HABITAT
parasite that is established inside of a host (e.g. parasitic protozoa, helminths)
ENDOparasite
87
parasite that is capable of existing independently of a host
facultative parasite
88
parasite that cannot survive outside of a host
obligate parasite
89
TYPE OF HOST
host other than the normal that is harboring a parasite
accidental/incidental host
90
TYPE OF HOST
host that harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite or sexual phase of life cycle
definitive host
91
TYPE OF HOST
host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and from which humans MAY become infected
reservoir host
92
TYPE OF HOST
host responsible for transferring a parasite from 1 place to another
transport host
93
TYPE OF HOST
parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any symptoms but can infect others
carrier
94
TYPE OF HOST
a host from which the parasite cannot continue its life cycle
dead-end host
95
known as "first animal"; exhibits some characteristics typical of animal life; unicellular, change shape as they move along surfaces; NO CELL WALL, has pellicle for protection
protozoa
96
reproduction of protoza
asexual - usually by binary fission
97
parasitic WORMS; some are relatively large; endoparasites; 2 phyla: roundworms (nematodes), flatworms (platyhelminthes)
helminths
98
also known as platyhelminthes; thin; often segmented; class: cestodes (tapeworms) or trematodes (flukes)
flat worms
99
also known as nematodes; elongate; cylindrical; unsegmented
roundworms
100
REPRODUCTION
intermediate host (larval stage)
asexual
101
REPRODUCTION
definitive host (adult worm, for mating)
sexual
102
invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), segmented body appendages; includes insects (lice, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, reduviid [kissing bug], arachnids (mites and ticks), crustaceans
anthropods
103
