Evolution of Microbio

Question 1

as many as 11 different types of fossils of primitive microorganisms have been found in ancient rock formations in Western Australia (Bartolome, F. and E. Quiles, 2024)

Answer 1

3.5 billion years ago

Question 2

animals made their appearance on earth

Answer 2

900 and 650 million years ag

Question 3

humans have existed

Answer 3

Past 100,000 years or so

Question 4

First Microorganisms ON EARTH

Answer 4

Cyanobacteria

Question 5

plague (an epidemic) broke out in Egypt

Answer 5

3180 BC

Question 6

an outbreak of a smallpox-like disease
originating from China spread worldwide

Answer 6

1122 BC

Question 7

The Origin of Microbes

Answer 7

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 8

life may arise from non-living matter

Answer 8

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Question 9

life may arise from pre-existing life

Answer 9

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 10

It showed the first recording of Public Health

Answer 10

Lebiticus

Question 11

1546
● Italian physician
● Proposed that invisible organisms may be
involved in disease

Answer 11

Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 12

1546
● Italian physician
● Proposed that epidemic diseases are
caused by transferable tiny particles or
“spores”

Answer 12

Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 13

1660
● An Englishman who explored various matter with a compound microscope
● Discoveredthesmalleststructuralunits
were little boxes “cells”

Answer 13

Robert Hooke

Question 14

1668
● An Italian Naturalist
● Demonstrated that animals do not
arise spontaneously from dead organic matter

Answer 14

Francesco Redi

Question 15

1676
● A Dutch linen merchant
● The first to describe bacteria and
protozoa using a small, simple microscope and then was known as the “Father of Microbiology”
● “ANIMALCULES”

Answer 15

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 16

1745
● An English biologist and Roman Catholic priest
● He demonstrated experiments that seemed to show that there was a life force that produced spontaneous generation

Answer 16

John Needham

Question 17

1770
● An Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist
● Demonstrated that heated broth, in the absence of air, do not support spontaneous generation
● Challenged the claim of John Needham

Answer 17

Lazzzaro Spallanzani

Question 18

1796
● An English surgeon who introduced the first vaccine – against smallpox
● He explained the effectivity of using
cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans.

Answer 18

Edward Jenner

Question 19

1847-1850
● A Hungarian physician who substantiated his theory that childbed fever is a contagious disease transmitted to women by their physicians during childbirth.
● He postulated the theory of washing with chlorinated lime solutions.

Answer 19

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

Question 20

1853-1854
● A London physician who demonstrated the epidemic spread of cholera through a water supply contaminated with human sewage

Answer 20

John Snow

Question 21

1858
● German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician
● Challenged abiogenesis with the theory of biogenesis as summarized by his famous statement: “omnis cellula e cellula”

Answer 21

Rudolf Virchow

Question 22

1857
● AFrenchbacteriologistwhostudiedabout the bacterial contamination of wine.
● Stated that specific microbes produce a specific fermentation product

Answer 22

Louis Pasteur

Question 23

1857
● Developed techniques for selective destruction of microorganisms (pasteurization)

Answer 23

Louis Pasteur

Question 24

1861
● Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through definitive experiments.
● He introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

1868 ● Discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm diseases that crippled the silk industry of France.

Answer 25

Louis Pasteur

Question 26

1881 ● Madesignificantcontributionsto the Germ Theory of Disease ● Developed vaccines for anthrax in animals.

Answer 26

Louis Pasteur

Question 27

1885 ● Developed a special vaccine for rabies

Answer 27

Louis Pasteur

Question 28

1867 ● An English surgeon who published his first work about antiseptic surgery ● Applied phenol (carbolic acid) to kill bacteria

Answer 28

Joseph Lister

Question 29

1876-1877 ● A prominent 19th century physicist who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria if air was free of dust. ● Developed tyndallization (fractional sterilization) to destroy spores.

Answer 29

John Tyndall

Question 30

1876-1877 ● Observed anthrax in cattle and identified Bacillus anthracis as its causative agent.

Answer 30

Robert Koch

Question 31

1881 ● Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory. ● Developedsolidculturemedia(agar) as suggested by Fannie Hesse

Answer 31

Robert Koch

Question 32

1882 • Discovered the pathogen for TB

Answer 32

Robert Koch

Question 33

1887 • His laboratory assistant Julius Richard Petri invented a round, shallow dish with a flat bottom and vertical sides to hold agar or gelatin growth media (PETRI DISH)

Answer 33

Robert Koch

Question 34

1884 ● Developed postulates in proving the cause of infectious disease

Answer 34

Robert Koch

Question 35

T OR F Koch’s Postulates: • The causative agent must not be present in every case of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals.

Answer 35

F The causative agent MUST BE present in every case of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals.

Question 36

T OR F Koch’s Postulates: •The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host animal and must be grown in pure culture.

Answer 36

T

Question 37

T OR F Koch’s Postulates: • A different disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible animals.

Answer 37

F Koch’s Postulates: • The SAME disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible animals.

Question 38

T OR F Koch's Postulates •The same pathogen must be recoverable once again from this artificially infected host animal, and it must be able to be grown again in pure culture.

Answer 38

T

Question 39

1884 ● A Danish physician who devised the gram staining technique for differentiating bacteria

Answer 39

Hans Christian Gram

Question 40

1890 ● A German physiologist who developed the method for producing immunity by using antitoxin against diptheria

Answer 40

Emil Adolf von Behring

Question 41

1892 ● A Russian biologist who was the first to discover viruses (tobacco-mosaic virus) and showed that it can be transmitted in a cell-free infiltrate

Answer 41

Dimitri Ivanovsky

Question 42

1898 ● An Italian zoologist known for his work demonstrating that mosquitoes carry the malaria parasite Plasmodium in their digestive tract.

Answer 42

Giovanni Battista Grassi

Question 43

1898 ● A British doctor who received theNobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on Malaria. ● He discovered the malarial parasite to be residing in the GI tract of the Anopheles mosquito

Answer 43

Sir Ronald Ross

Question 44

19th Century ● An English nurse who developed modern nursing techniques and procedures for organizing hospitals to reduce the spread of diseases

Answer 44

Florence Nightingale

Question 45

1905 ● A German zoologist and a German dermatologist, respectively, who coined that Syphilis is shown to be caused by Treponema pallidum

Answer 45

Fritz Richard Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann

Question 46

1908 ● A German scientist who formulated the humoral theory of resistance ● Developed new staining techniques ● Developed the very first chemotherapeutic agent to combat syphilis (Salvarsan)

Answer 46

Paul Ehrlich

Question 47

1910 ● An American pathologist who discovered viruses that could induce cancer

Answer 47

Francis Rous

Question 48

1929 ● A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered and described the properties of the first antibiotic (PENICILLIN)

Answer 48

Sir Alexander Fleming

Question 49

1933-1938 ● A German physicist and a German electrical engineer, respectively, who developed the first electron microscope

Answer 49

Ernst August Friedrich Ruska and Bodo von Borries

Question 50

1954 ● An American medical researcher and virologist who developed the first Polio Vaccine

Answer 50

Jonas Salk

Question 51

1982 ● An American microbiologist who developed the first version of the Hepatitis B vaccine from virus isolated from fresh human blood.

Answer 51

Maurice Ralph Hilleman

Question 52

1983 ● A French virologist and an American biomedical researcher, respectively, known for the isolation and characterization of HIV

Answer 52

Luc Antoine Montagnier and Robert Charles Gallo

Question 53

1986 ● A Chilean biochemist dedicated to biotechnology development, known for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus and the invention of the first recombinant vaccine against the Hepatitis B virus, the vaccine still in use today.

Answer 53

Pablo DT Valenzuela

Question 54

2006 Invented through the combined efforts of the researchers of the following institutions: ● Georgetown University Medical Center ● University of Rochester ● University of Queensland (Australia) ● U.S. National Cancer Institute

Answer 54

HPV Vaccine