Cell Structure and Functions

Question 1

1665: _____________, Father of Microscopy, coined the term ________.

Answer 1

Robert Hooke; cells

Question 2

1838-1839: _____________, and _____________ concluded __________________ = The CELL Theory

Answer 2

Matthias Schleiden; Theodore Schwann; all plants and animals are composed of cells

Question 3

1858: Rudolf Virchow proposed the ____________

Answer 3

theory of biogenesis

Question 4

It is a theory that states that life can only arise from pre-existing life

Answer 4

Theory of biogenesis

Question 5

It states that all cells came from cells. Every cell is born of a previous cell

Answer 5

Omnis Cellula E Cellula

Question 6

It is a fundamental living unit; exhibits basic characteristic of life; obtain food and nutrients from the environment for metabolism

Answer 6

Cell

Question 7

It is called the study of cells

Answer 7

Cytology

Question 8

All chemical reactions that occurs within a cell; grow and reproduce; respond to stimuli in environment

Answer 8

Metabolism

Question 9

accidental changes in DNA; have to adapt for survival

Answer 9

mutate (change genetically)

Question 10

they are cells that are known as first inhabitant; has no true nucleus

Answer 10

Prokaryotic cells

Question 11

Two examples of prokaryotic cells

Answer 11

Archaeans & Bacteria

Question 12

They are cells that have a true nucleus

Answer 12

Eucaryotic Cells

Question 13

this means nut/nucleus

Answer 13

Caryo

Question 14

They are called as precursors

Answer 14

Eucaryotes

Question 15

What does EU in Eucaryotes mean?

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Size of Eucaryotes

Answer 16

10-30 μm (micrometer) in diameter

Question 17

outermost boundary of most eukaryotic cells; supported by either a cell wall or a cell membrane

Answer 17

Glycocalyx

Question 18

3 functions of glycocalyx

Answer 18

Protection, adherence, & reception of chemical signals

Question 19

what is glycocalyx usually composed of?

Answer 19

gelatinous substance (polysaccharide, polypetide, or both)

Question 20

it appears as a NETWORK OF FIBER, SLIME LAYERED (loosely attached), or a capsule (strongly attached)

Answer 20

glycocalyx

Question 21

Fungi and most algae have a _____ _______ cell wall

Answer 21

thick; rigid

Question 22

Protozoa and animal cells _____ _________ cell wall

Answer 22

do not have

Question 23

it is located beneath the cell wall; composed of bilayer phospholipids with protein molecules embedded; and is selectively permeable

Answer 23

cytoplasmic membrane

Question 24

is cytoplasmic membrane an aerobic or anaerobic organism?

Answer 24

aerobic organism

Question 25

it is a site of electron transport chain & ATP production

Answer 25

aerobic organisms

Question 26

this allows for transport of selected solute

Answer 26

selectively permeable

Question 27

it is a distinguishing characteristic between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

Answer 27

Nucleus

Question 28

it is the control or command center that controls the entire cell

Answer 28

nucleus

Question 29

what are the 3 components of nucleus?

Answer 29

Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus, Nuclear Membrane

Question 30

it a component of the nucleus that it the gelatinous matrix / based material

Answer 30

Nucleoplasm

Question 31

a component of the nucleus that contains chromoseds (suspended/embedded)

Answer 31

Nucleolus

Question 32

it is a component of the nucleus and is the largest nuclear organelle; skin around the nucleus

Answer 32

Nuclear Membrane

Question 33

what are the dots seen in the nuclear skin called and is where large molecules can enter & exit?

Answer 33

nuclear pores

Question 34

it consists of linear DNA molecules and proteins (histones and nonhistones); Genes as "beads on a string"

Answer 34

Chromosomes

Question 35

this consists of rRNA and CHON; primarily for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Answer 35

Ribosomes

Question 36

Each eucaryotic (80S) ribosome consists of the ff: _______________, and ________________

Answer 36

Large Subunit (60S); Small subunit (40S)

Question 37

provides rigidity, shape, and protection; external structures

Answer 37

cell wall

Question 38

CELL WALL May contain c_______, p_________, and __________ as in plant cells

Answer 38

cellulose, pectin, lignin

Question 39

CELL WALL May contain c______/c______ and enter layer of mixed glycans as in fungi; thicker, inner layer of polysaccharide fibers

Answer 39

chtin/cellulose

Question 40

___________ as in algae; varied in chemical composition

Answer 40

Mineral Salts

Question 41

Cellulose can also be found in _________

Answer 41

algae

Question 42

Chitin is also present in the exoskeleton of __________ and _________

Answer 42

beetles; crabs

Question 43

they are energy producing organelle; contains numerous photosynthetic pigments

Answer 43

Plastids

Question 44

it is the site of photosynthesis

Answer 44

photosynthetic pigments

Question 45

A type of plastid, chloroplast contains___________

Answer 45

cholorphyll

Question 46

it is a process by which light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide & H2O into CHO (carbohydrate) and O2 (oxygen)

Answer 46

Photosynthesis

Question 47

long, thin, whip-like structure -> whipping motion to swim that serve as organelles of locomotion

Answer 47

flagella

Question 48

hair-like structures that are shorter, thinner, and more than flagella that also serves for locomotion in a coordinated

Answer 48

cilia; ciliates (protozoa)

Question 49

Cell structures common to all bacterial cells

Answer 49

Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, One (or a few) chromosomes

Question 50

Cell structures found in most bacterial cells

Answer 50

Bacterial Cell Wall, Glycocalyx

Question 51

Cell structures found in some bacterial cells

Answer 51

Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae, Capsules, Slime layers, Inclusions, Actin cytoskeleton, Endospores

Question 52

they are cell extensions; accessory structures on surface of bacteria; COMMON but NOT PRESENT in ALL species

Answer 52

appendages

Question 53

appendages that can provide motility

Answer 53

flagella, axial filaments

Question 54

appendages that can be used for attachment and mating

Answer 54

fimbriae, pili

Question 55

long filamentous appendages; propels bacteria

Answer 55

flagella

Question 56

what is the term to detect and move in response to chemical signals; positive and negative

Answer 56

chemotaxis

Question 57

two general pattern of flagella

Answer 57

polar arrangement and peritrichous

Question 58

it is a flagella arrangement that has a single flagellum

Answer 58

monotrichous

Question 59

it is a flagella arrangement wherein flagella is at both poles

Answer 59

amphitrichous

Question 60

it is a flagella arrangement wherein there's small bunches/tufts emerging from SAME site

Answer 60

lophotrichous

Question 61

it is a flagella arrangement wherein the flagella is dispersed RANDOMLY

Answer 61

peritrichous

Question 62

it is also called perisplasmic flagella or endoflagella; is in spirochetes (corkscrew shaped); bundles of fibrils enclosed between cell wall & membrane

Answer 62

axial filaments

Question 63

what is the movement called wherein it enables axial filaments to move effectively thru body fluids

Answer 63

corkscrew movement

Question 64

they are small, bristle-like fibers, hair-like appendages; tend to stick to each other; mostly responsible for microbial colonization in inanimate objects

Answer 64

fimbriae

Question 65

elongated, rigid, tabular structure; made of the protein pilin, used in conjugation - sex pilus, most often observed in gram (-) bacteria

Answer 65

pili

Question 66

composed of repeating polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both; protects cell & helps adhere to environment

Answer 66

glycocalyx

Question 67

a ___________ is UNORGANIZED & loose, protects some bacteria from loss of water and nutrients; easily detached

Answer 67

slime layer

Question 68

a ____________ is neatly ORGANIZED, bound more tightly and is denser and thicker

Answer 68

capsule