Orientation: key historical events in counseling Flashcards
• Late 1800s—
Vocational guidance counseling emerges as a result of the Industrial Revolution and social reform movements.
• Early 1900s—
Frank Parsons, heralded as the founder of vocational guidance, opens the Bureau of Vocational Guidance in Boston, which helps match individuals with suitable careers based on their skills and personal traits.
• 1908—
Frank Parsons dies, and his influential book Choosing a Vocation is published posthumously.
• 1913—
The National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) is founded.
• 1913—
Clifford Beers, the leader of the mental health movement, which advocated for the construction of mental health clinics and more humane treatment of institutionalized patients with psychological disorders, founds the Clifford Beers Clinic in New Haven, Connecticut, considered the first outpatient mental health clinic in America.
• 1930s—
E. G. Williamson creates the Minnesota Point of View, a trait and factor theory considered to be one of the first counseling theories.
• 1932—
The Wagner-Peyser Act is passed, which creates U.S. Employment Services to aid the unemployed in finding work through vocational guidance.
• 1940s and 1950s
- Carl Rogers’ humanistic approach to psychology gains widespread support in the counseling profession.
- Soldiers return home after World War II and increase the need for counseling, readjustment, and rehabilitation services.
- Increased numbers of counselors begin working full-time at postsecondary educational institutions, community agencies, and vocational rehabilitation centers. • More associations sprout up to help new counseling specializations form a unified and professional identity.
• 1952—
To gain a larger voice in the counseling field, the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA; since renamed the American Counseling Association [ACA]) is formed as a union among the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA; since renamed the National Career Development Association [NCDA]), the National Association of Guidance and Counselor Trainers (NAGCT; since renamed the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision [ACES]), the Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education (SPATE; since renamed the Counseling Association for Humanistic Education and Development [C-AHEAD] and most recently the Association for Humanistic Counseling [AHC]), and the American College Personnel Association (ACPA).
• 1952—
The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) is formed and becomes a division of APGA the next year.
• 1958—
Congress passes the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in response to the launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957, which signaled that the Russians were leading in the Space Race. The NDEA provides schools with increased funds to improve their curriculum and hire school counselors to pick out students showing promise in math and science.
• 1958—
The American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA), a division of APGA, is chartered.
• 1961—
APGA publishes its first code of ethics.
• 1963—
President John F. Kennedy signs into law the Community Mental Health Act, which allots money for the creation of mental health centers.
• 1965—
The Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance (AMEG), currently known as the Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC), is chartered as a division of APGA.
• 1966—
The National Employment Counseling Association (NECA), a division of APGA, is chartered.
• 1970s
Legislation for individuals with disabilities emerges, leading to a heightened demand for rehabilitation counselors and school counselors. • Individuals in the counseling field publish books and articles that increase the counseling profession’s interest in multicultural issues, such as cultural identity development, multicultural awareness, racism, and counseling minorities.
