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Fundamentals Of Pathology > origin of blood cells > Flashcards

origin of blood cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Haematopoeisis?

A

production of RBC, white blood cells and platelets from haematopoetic stem cells

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2
Q

why does haematopoeisis take place (4)?

A

to maintain balance between self renewal, migration, cell death, terminal differentation

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3
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in the first trimester?

A

Yolk sac

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4
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in the second trimester?

A

Liver and spleen

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5
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in the third trimester?

A

Central, peripheral skeleton

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6
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in infancy?

A

Throughout bone marrow

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7
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in adulthood?

A

Axial skeleton

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8
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton (5)?

A

Vertebral bones, sternum, ribs, pelvis, proximal ends of humerus and femur

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9
Q

Structure of bone marrow?

A

Spongy jelly-like tissue inside bone.

Lots of blood vessels to bring nutrients and take away new blood cells

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10
Q

What happens in red marrow?

A

Active haematopoiesis

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11
Q

What is yellow marrow filled with?

A

Fat cells

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12
Q

Give the four stages of basic blood cell maturation

A

Stem cells
Progenitor cells
Precursor cells
Effector cells

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13
Q

What does blood cell differentiation depend on?

A

Growth factors

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14
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells mature into?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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15
Q

What can myeloid stem cells turn into (6)?

A 
Erythrocytes 
Neutrophil
Monocytes
Eosinophil
Basophil
Megakaryocyte
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16
Q

Where do pluripotent stem cells primarily reside?

A

Marrow- small number in circulation

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17
Q

What is the surface antigen on pluripotent stem cells?

A

CD34+

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18
Q

What do pluripotent stem cells look like?

A

Small lymphocytes

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19
Q

What does disfunction in pluripotent stem cells lead to?

A

Aplastic anaemia or certain types of leukaemia

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20
Q

How much can pluripotent stem cells self renew?

A

Unlimited

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21
Q

What are multipotent stem cells derived from?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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22
Q

Are multipotent stem cells capable of cell renewal?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Mature lymphocytes

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24
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

Red cells, granulocytes and platelets

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25
What type of malignancies can lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
Lymphoproliferative
26
What do myeloid stem cells give rise to if somethings wrong?
Myeloproliferative leukaemia
27
What are progenitor cells derived from?
Multipotent stem cells
28
Can progenitor cells self-renew and differentiate?
Limited
29
What can progenitor cells differentiate into (4)?
CFU-GEMM CFU-ME CFU-GM CFU-E
30
What are progenitor cells responsive to?
Haematopoietic growth factors
31
What stimulates CFU-E?
EPO
32
What do progenitors express?
Differentiation surface antigens
33
How can progenitor cells be detected?
Special in vitro assays where colonies are formed
34
What is the first morphologically identifiable cell?
Precursor cells
35
Give 5 examples of precursor cells
``` Erythroblast Myeloblast Lymphoblast Monoblast Megakaryoblast ```
36
Can precursor cells self-renew?
A bit (if any)
37
Give examples (8) of mature effector cells
``` RBCs Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Platelets ```
38
What is the name of the process that makes RBCs?
Erythropoiesis
39
What is the multipotent stem cell that forms erythrocytes?
CD34+
40
What are the progenitors that form erythrocytes?
BFU-ME | CFU-ME
41
How do you recognise a basophilic erythroblast?
Blue cytoplasm
42
How do you recognise a polychromatophilic erythroblast?
Blue and pink cytoplasm
43
How do you recognise a orthochromatic erythroblast?
Pink cytoplasm
44
What main cell component is a reticulocyte missing?
No nucleus
45
What is the name of the process that makes neutrophils?
Granulopoeisis
46
What are the progenitors for neutrophils?
CFU-GM | CFU-G
47
What are the precursor cells for neutrophils (5)?
``` Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metametocyte Band 3 ```
48
What is the platelet formation stem cell?
Haemocytoblast
49
What is the antigen independant phase?
Initial lymphopoiesis in bone. Marrow and maturation occurring in lymph nodes and thymus
50
What is the antigen dependant phase?
2nd cycle of differentiation and proliferation in response to antigen exposure
51
How are T-cells formed in the thymus?
Early progenitors migrate to thymus T-cell receptor gene rearrangement Positive and negative selection
52
How are B-cells formed in bone marrow?
Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement Expression of surface IgM Immature B-cell migrates to 2 lymphoid organs for maturation and antigen selection
53
What are polypeptide growth factors?
Cytokines
54
Give the four groups of growth factors
Stimulate early progenitors Stimulate late progenitors Specific to one lineage Stimulate several different lineages
55
Give examples of growth factors that stimulate early progenitors
IL-3, stem cell factor
56
Give examples of growth factors that stimulate late progenitors
Monocyte-CSF
57
Give examples of growth factors that stimulate one lineage
Erythropoietin
58
Where and why is erythropoietin produced?
In the kidney in response to hypoxia
59
What does erythropoietin increase?
RBC production by increasing survival of erythroid progenitors
60
What can recombinant erythropoietin be used to treat?
Anaemia caused by kidney failure
61
What can be used as an alternative to blood transfusion in Jehovah’s witnesses?
Recombinant erythropoietin
62
What does G-CSF stand for?
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
63
Where/ why is G-CSF produced?
Many cell types in response to inflammation
64
What does G-CSF act on?
Mature neutrophils in the periphery
65
What does G-CSF do?
Chemo attractant | Promotes neutrophil maturation and activation
66
What does G-CSF stimulate?
Neutrophil production in the bone marrow
67
What is G-CSF used for the treatment of?
Neutropenia
68
What does G-CSF treatment cause?
Stem cells to be released from the bone marrow into circulation
69
What are the only type of bone marrow stem cells that can give long term engraftment?
Haematopoietic

Fundamentals Of Pathology (20 decks)

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