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Fundamentals Of Pathology > Principles Of Infection > Flashcards

Principles Of Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is a commensal?

A

A microbe that lives in us without doing any harm

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2
Q

What is Normal flora?

A

A microorganism that lives on another organism without causing disease

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3
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that can damage us

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4
Q

What is colonisation done by?

A

Commensal organisms

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5
Q

What is asymptomatic carriage?

A

When an organism is colonised by a pathogen but not actually causing any harm (that we can see)

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6
Q

What is an infection?

A

When the pathogen is actually causing harm

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7
Q

What is a saprophyte?

A

Free living organism

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8
Q

What are parasites dependant on?

A

Their hosts

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9
Q

What is an opportunist?

A

Organisms that are normally Commensals, but become pathogens and cause disease, mainly due to the host being immunocompromised

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10
Q

What is a conditional pathogen?

A

A pathogen that depends on preexposure

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11
Q

What is a full pathogen?

A

Initiates infection via natural route despite immune defences

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12
Q

What does infection imply?

A

Harm is done to the host, caused by the pathogen

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13
Q

When can Commensals become pathogens (3)?

A
  • found in another site
  • immunocompromised
  • bypassing defences (eg getting bitten)
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14
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microbe that can initiate infection, often with only small numbers, via natural routes despite natural barriers and immune defences

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15
Q

Name some sites (in the body) that don’t have a normal flora

A
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • blood
  • bone, joint and subcutaneous connective tissue
  • female upper genital tract
  • urinary tract
  • CNS including CSF and eyes
  • other viscera, like liver, spleen and pancreas
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16
Q

What are highly pathogenic microbes called?

A

Virulent

17
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree to which the pathogen causes disease

18
Q

According to kochs postulates, what does a microorganism have to do to show that the pathogen causes that disease (4)?

A
  • be present in every case of infection
  • be cultured from cases in vitro
  • reproduce disease in an animal
  • be isolated from the infected animal
19
Q

Do kochs postulates still hold up today (and if not, what differences are there)?

A

Mainly, although we now know not all organisms can be cultured, but you can detect their genomes by PCR and its not universally applicable to all diseases

20
Q

What are the three types of infection?

A

Local, invasive and systemic

21
Q

What is a local infection?

A

Surface infection in a wound

22
Q

What is an invasive infection?

A

It can penetrate barriers and lead to a local spread

23
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

When the infection moves via blood to other sites

24
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Response to tissue injury functions to bring serum molecules and cells to the site of infection

25
Q

What are the 4 features of acute infection?

A
  • rapid onset
  • major local and systemic symptoms
  • acute inflammatory response
  • toxin mediated
26
Q

What are the 3 features of chronic infection?

A
  • Slower onset or post- acute
  • may still have major local and systemic symptoms
  • chronic inflammatory response
27
Q

When does chronic infection happen?

A

when host doesnt succumb immediately to infection, but cannot clear it either

28
Q

What are the three features of asymptomatic infection?

A
  • infection with a pathogenic microbe
  • inflammatory response and damage to the host is mild or nonexistent
  • no symptoms present
29
Q

What does ‘reactivation from latent infection’ mean?

A

You have cleared the disease once, but the pathogen remains latent in the body, and then its reactivated later when you may be immunocompromised

30
Q

Do all microbes need to go through all stages of infection?

A

No

31
Q

What are the 7 stages of infection?

A
  • acquisition from spread (9Fs)
  • colonisation (adherence)
  • penetration and spread
  • tissue damage
  • shedding and transmission
  • resolution
32
Q

What are the 9Fs?

A 
Fingers
Fresh air
Fomites
Fluids
Faeces
Flies
Food 
Foetus 
Fornication
33
Q

What does fomites mean?

A

Things we share like door handles or toys

34
Q

Where are the three places mucosal contact can happen?

A

Genital tract, saliva and skin

35
Q

What do virulence factors promote?

A

Colonisation and adhesion and tissue damage

36
Q

What is adherence?

A

Surface adhesion structures of bacteria and viruses

37
Q

What is the muco-cillary clearance mechanism?

A

When the pathogen releases cytotoxins which specifically damages the cilli and then they can attach

Fundamentals Of Pathology (20 decks)

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