Intro To Cellular Pathology

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

Living, more or less self-sufficient entities that may form more complex structures. Surrounded by a membrane

Question 2

What is a tissue?

Answer 2

Interwoven masses of cells and extracellular material

Question 3

What is histology?

Answer 3

Study of tissues

Question 4

What is tissue structure in histology?

Answer 4

How cells combine together with extracellular material and each other to form a tissue

Question 5

What is cellular structure in histology?

Answer 5

How a cell is shaped, and how the components inside cells are organised to support that cells specific function

Question 6

What is sub-cellular structure in histology?

Answer 6

Detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions

Question 7

What is the histochemical structure in histology?

Answer 7

Molecular analysis of cellular structure

Question 8

What is histopathology?

Answer 8

The study of tissues affected by disease

Question 9

Why is histopathology useful?

Answer 9

Making diagnosis and in determining the severity and progression of disease

Question 10

How are epithelial tissue cells arranged?

Answer 10

Continuous sheet with one or more layers, has apical and basal layers

Question 11

What is a basement membrane?

Answer 11

Separates the epithelial layer from the underlying connective tissue

Question 12

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 12

Covering and lining epithelia 
Glandular epithelia (endo and exocrine)

Question 13

What is the simple epithelium?

Answer 13

One layer of cells

Question 14

What is the stratified epithelium?

Answer 14

Two or more cell layers

Question 15

What is the pseudostratified epithelium?

Answer 15

Cells are all anchored to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface (nuclei do not align, does not look like one cell layer)

Question 16

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 16

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

Question 17

What is the transitional state in epithelial tissues?

Answer 17

Different layers present different structure

Question 18

What are the two main groups of connective tissues?

Answer 18

• connective tissue proper

- specialised connective tissue

Question 19

What does connective tissue contain?

Answer 19

Different cells including fibroplasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes

Question 20

What is the connective tissue matrix made of (2)?

Answer 20

Ground substance- proteins and polysaccharides

Fibres- reticular, collagen and elastic

Question 21

What are the two classifications of proper connective tissue?

Answer 21

Loose connective

Dense connective

Question 22

What is loose connective tissue?

Answer 22

Fibres and many cells types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin and surrounding blood vessels, nerves and organs

Question 23

What is dense connective tissue?

Answer 23

Bundles of parallel collagen fibres and fibroblasts, found in tendons and ligaments

Question 24

What are the two main components of cartilage?

Answer 24

• collagen and elastin fibres embedded in a matrix of glycoproteins
• cells called chondrocytes

Question 25

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 25

Hyaline Elastic Fibrous

Question 26

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 26

Weakest, most abundant type. Found at end of long bones and structures like the ear and nose

Question 27

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 27

Maintains shape, branding elastic fibres distinguish it from hyaline

Question 28

What is fibrous cartilage?

Answer 28

Strongest type, has dense collagen and little matrix

Question 29

Where would you find fibrous cartilage?

Answer 29

Pelvis, skull and vertebral disks

Question 30

What is bone comprised of?

Answer 30

Bone cells, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts- suspended in a matrix made of collagen fibres and minerals

Question 31

What are the two types of bone in development?

Answer 31

Membranous | Endochonal

Question 32

Give 3 examples of membranous bones

Answer 32

Flat bones, clavicle or mandible

Question 33

Give examples of endochonal bone

Answer 33

Climb and vertebral column bones

Question 34

What are the two types of mature bone?

Answer 34

Compact, trabecular

Question 35

What are the features of compact mature bone?

Answer 35

Concentric circular layers organised in lacunae and central canal

Question 36

What are the features of trabecular mature bone?

Answer 36

Slender interlacing parallel lamellae with marrow within the spaces

Question 37

What is the principle functional unit of muscle cells?

Answer 37

Muscle fibre. Also come stem cells with the capacity to develop into new muscle fibres

Question 38

Give the structural features of skeletal muscle

Answer 38

Voluntary, striated

Question 39

How is skeletal muscle organised?

Answer 39

In myofibres with peripherally located nuclei Forms a lined up bonding pattern from one cell to another

Question 40

What is skeletal muscle attached to?

Answer 40

Bones

Question 41

Give the structural features of cardiac muscle

Answer 41

Involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs

Question 42

How do cardiac muscle cells size compare to skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 42

Smaller

Question 43

Give the structural features of smooth muscle

Answer 43

Involuntary, non-striated, spindle shaped

Question 44

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 44

Blood vessels and GI tract

Question 45

What are the two main functional cell types of nerve tissue?

Answer 45

Neurons | Neuroganglia

Question 46

What do neurons do?

Answer 46

Cells that convert stimuli into electrical impulses to the brain

Question 47

What do neuralgia do?

Answer 47

Collection of different cell types with a supportive role

Question 48

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 48

Motor neuron Interneuron Sensory neurons

Question 49

What does the motor neuron do?

Answer 49

Carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

Question 50

What do interneurons do?

Answer 50

Interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurons

Question 51

What do sensory neurons do?

Answer 51

Receive info from environment and transmit to CNS

Question 52

What is the neuralgia made up of in the CNS?

Answer 52

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

Question 53

What is the neuralgia made up of in the PNS?

Answer 53

Schwann cells and stem cells

Question 54

What are the three primary cell layers that form the embryo?

Answer 54

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Question 55

What does the ectoderm develop into?

Answer 55

Nervous and epithelial tissue

Question 56

What does the mesoderm develop into?

Answer 56

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue

Question 57

What does the endoderm develop into?

Answer 57

Epithelial tissue