Intro To Structure And Function Of Blood

Question 1

What is blood made up of?

Answer 1

Plasma
Red cells
White cells and platelets

Question 2

What is a blood film

Answer 2

Same as blood smear

Question 3

What basic cell organelles do red blood cells not contain?

Answer 3

Nucleus
DNA (not an organelle but still)
RNA
Mitochondria

Question 4

What is another name for a red blood cell?

Answer 4

Erythrocytes

Question 5

What is another name for a white blood cell?

Answer 5

Leukocytes

Question 6

What are the two types of white blood cell?

Answer 6

Neutrophil and lymphocytes

Question 7

Give some features of neutrophil

Answer 7

Polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus)

Granulocyte (prominent cytoplasmic granules)

Question 8

Give the three types of granulocyte

Answer 8

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

Question 9

How do you distinguish a neutrophil?

Answer 9

Weakly staining

Question 10

How do you distinguish an eosinophil?

Answer 10

Stain red with eosin 1-4% white blood cell multinuclei within the cytoplasm

Question 11

How do you distinguish a basophil?

Answer 11

Stain blue/purple with basic dyes less than 0.5% of WBC

Question 12

Give features of mononuclear cells

Answer 12

Lack granules

Large, regular nuclei

Question 13

Give the two types of mononuclear cells

Answer 13

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Question 14

Give another name for a platelet

Answer 14

Thrombocytes

Question 15

Give features of platelets

Answer 15

Cytoplasmic fragments
No nucleus
Membrane bound
Contains granules

Question 16

Where do blood cells come from?

Answer 16

Stem cells in bone marrow

Question 17

What does plasma contain?

Answer 17

Water
salt
proteins
Metabolites
Carbs
Lipids

Question 18

Name the ionic constituents of plasma

Answer 18

Positive: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen
Negative: chloride, bicarbonates, phosphate, sulfate and organic anions

Question 19

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 19

Serum is plasma without the clotting factors

Question 20

How much of plasma is protein?

Answer 20

7-9%

Question 21

How much of the plasma protein is albumin?

Answer 21

90%

Question 22

What does blood transport?

Answer 22

Carry oxygen/ nutrients to tissues
Remove CO2/ other waste substances from tissues
And other substances from sites of production ->sites of action

Question 23

What in the blood is involved in immunity?

Answer 23

White blood cells and plasma proteins

Question 24

What in the blood is involved in clotting?

Answer 24

Platelets and plasma proteins

Question 25

What is the blood’s role in homeostasis?

Answer 25

Maintaining a pH of 7.4 Controlling distribution of water solutes Distributing heat

Question 26

How do blood cells remove CO2 from body tissues?

Answer 26

Most CO2 carried as bicarbonate in plasma | RBC enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps CO2 to dissolve in plasma and in the tissues and come out of solution in the lungs

Question 27

What is the average life span of RBC’s?

Answer 27

120 days

Question 28

What is the average diameter of RBC’s?

Answer 28

8 micrometers

Question 29

What is the average thickness of RBC’s?

Answer 29

2 micrometers

Question 30

What is haemoglobin made up of?

Answer 30

2 alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains

Question 31

What type of iron atom does haemoglobin contain?

Answer 31

Fe++

Question 32

What does oxygen + haemoglobin form?

Answer 32

Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 33

What colour is oxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 33

Bright red

Question 34

What colour is deoxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 34

Dark red

Question 35

How does pulse oximetry work?

Answer 35

Measures the colour of haemoglobin and determines if the patient is hypoxic

Question 36

What is pulse oximetry?

Answer 36

The thing that measures oxygen saturation on your finger

Question 37

How many haemoglobin molecules are there in each RBC?

Answer 37

300 million (about 50% of space)

Question 38

What substances does plasma carry?

Answer 38

Lipids Lipid soluble hormones and vitamins Metal ions

Question 39

What do neutrophils do in the immune system?

Answer 39

Phagocytosis and kill bacteria and fungi | Main mediators of innate immunity

Question 40

What do lymphocytes do in the immune system?

Answer 40

Main mediators of acquired immunity Produce antibodies Kills virus infected cells

Question 41

What do eosinophils do in the immune system?

Answer 41

Kill parasites | Involved in allergic responses

Question 42

What do basophils do in the immune system?

Answer 42

Kill parasites Involved in allergic responses Involved in inflammation

Question 43

What do monocytes do in the immune system?

Answer 43

Phagocytosis of dead cells and pathogens

Question 44

What do immunoglobulins do in the immune system?

Answer 44

Act as antibodies against pathogens

Question 45

What do complement proteins do in the immune system?

Answer 45

Kill bacteria and other pathogens | Cooperated with immunoglobulins and WBCs

Question 46

What is the main role of platelets?

Answer 46

Haemostasis

Question 47

How do platelets mediate haemostasis (basic)

Answer 47

Recognise damage at blood vessel wall Forms a platelet plug Prevent/ stops bleeding

Question 48

How does plasma help in haemostasis?

Answer 48

Fibrinogen ->fibrin which forms a blood clot Clotting factors control the process Fibrin clot reinforces primary platelet plug

Question 49

What is the plasma homeostasis disturbed by?

Answer 49

``` Disorders in: Kidney Liver Lungs Cardiovascular system Endocrine organs ```

Question 50

What must be kept in safe limits in plasma?

Answer 50

pH, ion concentrations and protein concentrations

Question 51

What are you checking if you check the urea and electrolytes in the blood?

Answer 51

kidney functions

Question 52

What is the total blood volume in a 70kg male?

Answer 52

5 litres

Question 53

How much plasma is there in a 70kg male?

Answer 53

2.5-3 litres

Question 54

What is a haemocrit?

Answer 54

Packed cell volume- total cell volume

Question 55

What is the normal haemocrit value?

Answer 55

0.4-0.5

Question 56

What does a full blood count include?

Answer 56

``` Haemoglobin concentrations Mean red cell volume Mean red cell haemoglobin content Haemocrit Total white blood cell count ```

Question 57

What is the haemoglobin concentrations used to diagnose?

Answer 57

Anaemia

Question 58

What is the total white blood cell count important in diagnosing?

Answer 58

Infections

Question 59

What are immunoglobulins made by?

Answer 59

B lymphocytes