Other

Question 0

How many L/min should you put nasal cannulae on?

Answer 0

1-4 (no more than 6) litres/L

Question 1

Approximate oxygen delivery of nasal cannulae

Answer 1

24-44 %

Question 2

Causes of macroglossia

Answer 2

Down’s syndrome
Acromegally
Congenital hypothyroidism
Amyloid

Question 3

Colours and % of Venturi masks

Answer 3

Blue     24%
White   28%
Orange 31%
Yellow  35%
Red      40%
Green   60%

Question 4

Causes of fat embolism syndrome

Answer 4

Most common = closed fracture of a long bone (pelvis, ribs)
Orthopaedic procedures - intramedullary nailing, hip/ knee replacement
Massive soft tissue injury
Severe burns
Bone marrow biopsy

Question 5

Presentation of fat embolism syndrome

Answer 5

24 to 72 post injury 
Sudden onset:
- Breathlessness 
- ± chest pains. 
- progress to respiratory failure - tachypnoea, SOB, hypoxia.
- Fever - often > 38.3°C 
- raised HR 
- Petechial rash 
- CNS syx - headache, restlessness, disorientation, confusion, seizures, stupor or coma
- Renal - oliguria, haematuria, anuria.

Question 6

What happens in cholesterol embolism syndrome

Answer 6

Plaque in a proximal, large-calibre artery
Plaque rupture - either spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic.
Embolisation of plaque debris = cholesterol crystals, platelets, fibrin, calcified detritus
Lodging of the emboli in small/medium arteries –> mechanical occlusion.
Foreign-body inflammatory response.
End-organ damage due to mechanical plugging + inflammation.

Question 7

Presentation of cholesterol embolism syndrome

Answer 7

Embolism from aorta –> blood supply disruption of visceral organs + lower limb.

Can directly affect all tissues except the lungs.
But systemic inflammation may affect pulmonary tissues.

Fever.
Cachexia.
Nonspecific malaise.
Myalgia.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to circulating inflammatory mediators.
Hypercatabolic state.
renal failure, 
gut ischaemia.
Dermatological = livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome

Question 8

What is a Hickman line?

Answer 8

it is an IV catheter, mainly used in chemotherapy.

They are also sometimes used in dialysis

Question 9

What’s the immune response to heparin and when does it occur

Answer 9

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

More common with unfractionated heparin than LMWH.

Question 10

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergy and anaphylaxis

Answer 10

Type 1 - IgE mediated

Question 11

What disease is anti-acetylcholinesterase antibody associated with

Answer 11

myasthenia gravis

Question 12

What disease is anti-adrenal antibody associated with

Answer 12

Addisons

Question 13

What disease is anti-gliadin antibody associated with

Answer 13

Coeliac

Question 14

What disease is anti-endomyseal antibody associated with

Answer 14

Coeliac

Question 15

What disease is anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody associated with

Answer 15

Goodpastures

Question 16

What disease is anti-hu / anti-Yo / anti-Ri antibody associated with

Answer 16

Cerebellar degeneration

Question 17

What disease is anti-intrinsic factor antibody associated with

Answer 17

Pernicious anaemia

Question 18

What disease is anti-parietal antibody associated with

Answer 18

Pernicious anaemia

Question 19

What disease is anti-LKM (liver-kidney-microsomal) antibody associated with

Answer 19

Auto immune hepatitis

Question 20

What disease is anti-mitochondrial antibody associated with

Answer 20

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 21

What disease is anti-smooth muscle antibody associated with

Answer 21

Autoimmune hepatitis

Question 22

What disease is anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody associated with

Answer 22

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 23

What disease is antibody to voltage gated calcium channel associated with

Answer 23

Lambert-eaton syndrome

Question 24

What disease is anti-thyroid stimulating antibody associated with

Answer 24

Graves

Question 25

Management of iron tablet overdose

Answer 25

Desferrioxamine

Question 26

What is the definition of sensitivity

Answer 26

Ability to detect a true positive

Question 27

How is sensitivity calculated

Answer 27

Number of true positives ÷ (true positives + false negatives) As a %

Question 28

Define specificity

Answer 28

Ability of a test to detect true negatives

Question 29

How is specificity calculated

Answer 29

True negatives ÷ (true negatives + false positives) | As a %

Question 30

Define positive predictive value

Answer 30

The probability that a condition can be confirmed given a positive result

Question 31

How is positive predictive value calculated

Answer 31

True positives ÷ total number of positives | As a %

Question 32

Define negative predictive value

Answer 32

The probability that a condition can be ruled out given a negative test result

Question 33

How is negative predictive value calculated

Answer 33

True negatives ÷ total number of negatives | As a percentage

Question 34

Define likelihood ratio

Answer 34

Likelihood that a test result will be positive in the patient with a condition compared to the likelihood that the same positive result would be expected in a patient without that condition Sensitivity ÷ (1 - specificity)

Question 35

What disease is anti-centromere antibody associated with

Answer 35

Limited scleroderma (CREST)

Question 36

What disease is rheumatoid factor associated with

Answer 36

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Question 37

What disease is anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) associated with

Answer 37

systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)

Question 38

What disease is anti-smith (anti-sm) antibody associated with

Answer 38

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)

Question 39

What disease is anti-jo-1 antibody associated with

Answer 39

Dematomyositis

Question 40

What disease is cANCA associated with

Answer 40

Wergener's granulomatosis

Question 41

What disease is pANCA associated with

Answer 41

Microscopic polyangiitis

Question 42

What disease is anti-cardiolipin antibody associated with

Answer 42

Anti phospholipid syndrome

Question 43

What disease is lupus anticoagulase associated with

Answer 43

Anti-phospholipid syndrome

Question 44

What disease is anti-topoisomerase antibody associated with

Answer 44

Diffuse scleroderma

Question 45

What disease is anti-U1-RNP antibody associated with

Answer 45

Mixed / overlap connective tissue disease

Question 46

What disease is anti-Ro antibody associated with

Answer 46

Sjögren's syndrome

Question 47

What disease is anti-La antibody associated with

Answer 47

Sjögren's syndrome

Question 48

Causes of metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap

Answer 48

Diarrhoea | Renal tubular acidosis

Question 49

Causes of metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap

Answer 49

``` Ketoacidosis Lactic acidosis Methanol Ethylene glycol Salicylate toxicity ```

Question 50

Causes of a metabolic alkalosis

Answer 50

Vomiting Diuretic use Hyperaldosteronism Cystic fibrosis

Question 51

What is a hepatitic LFT picture

Answer 51

Raised AST | Raised ALT

Question 52

What is an obstructive LFT picture

Answer 52

Raised ALP Raised bilirubin Raised GGT