Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

General Medicine > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Management of septal haematoma of nose

A

Urgent drainage to prevent AVN of septal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Management of fractured nose

A

Analgesia
Exclude septal haematoma
Review in ENT clinic in 5-7d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cell type is hypo-pharyngeal ca?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Arises from pharyngeal walls, epiglottis, pyro form fossa or upper oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Patterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome (Plummer-Vinson synd)

A

Triad of

  • dysphasia
  • glossitis
  • iron deficiency anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of lymphadenopathy

A 
Bacterial - pyogenic infection, TB, brucellosis
Viral- EBV, CMV, HIV
Protozoa - toxoplasmosis 
Lymphoma
Metastases
Collagen disease
Sarcoidosis
Amyloidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of dysphagia

A 
Neurological - MG, MND, MS
foreign body
Pharyngeal pouch 
Post-cricoid web
Globus pharyngis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell type of laryngeal carcinoma

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Features of laryngeal carcinoma

A

Hoarse voice
Airway obstruction
Hemoptysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst

A

Develops from thyroglossal ducts which usually disappear on development
Mid-line swelling
Above upper border of thyroid cartilage
Moves on swallowing and tongue protrusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of nasal obstruction

A 
Rhinitis 
Septal deviation
Nasal polyps
Foreign body
Sinonasal malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are nasal polyps

A

Oedematous paranasal sinus mucosa protruding through sinus ostia.
Single or multiple
Temporary improvement with steroids
Surgical removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of anosmia

A 
URTI
Nasal polyps
Sinonasal disease 
Old age
Drug tx
Head injury / trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is sinusitis + causative organisms

A

Infection of a sinus causing facial pain

Strep pneumonia
H. Influenzae
Infection from dental abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of sinus tumour

A

Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma in furniture of workers
Maxillary and ethmoid most commonly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most common site of epistaxis

A

Littles area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Management of anterior nose bleed

A

Pressure on anterior septum

+/- adrenaline application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a common cause of nosebleeds in older patients

A

Arteriosclerotic vessel further back

Use balloon compression or packing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is otorrhoea

A

Ear discharge

Usually from infection of outer or middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is otitis externa + how do you tx it

A

Inflammation of skin of ear canal
Bacterial, viral or fungal

Tx = remove debris, regular cleansing + antibiotic ear drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define cholesteatoma

A

Keratinising squamous epithelium of middle ear
Tympanic membrane defect containing white material - can erode local structures.
Surgery to remove the sac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Causes of perforated tympanic membrane

A

Trauma

Chronic middle ear disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Symptoms of perforated tympanic membrane

A

Decreased hearing

Whistling sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is otitis media + common organisms

A

Bacterial infection of middle ear
H. Influenzae
Strep pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Symptoms of otitis media

A

Otalgia
Fever
Malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is OME (glue ear)
Fluid in middle ear Common in children Syx = hearing loss, interference of language acquisition
26
What is Otosclerosis
Stapes becomes fixed by new bone formation F>M Surgical tx
27
Features of vocal cord nodule
Bilateral Free edge of vocal cord Prevents full closure Breathy harsh voice
28
What is Reinke's oedema
Oedema of the vocal cord Caused by irritation Causes = Smoking, voice abuse, acid reflux, hypothyroidism
29
Risk factors for larangeal carcinoma
``` SMOKING Excess alcohol Male Low socio-economic status >55 yo ```
30
Symptoms of laryngeal carcinoma
``` Hoarseness / voice change Neck lump Sore throat Persistent cough Stridor Halitosis Otalgia ```
31
Common organisms of tonsillitis
Bacterial - beta-haemolytic streptococcus | Viral - adeno, rhino, flu, resp syncytial virus
32
Symptoms of tonsillitis
``` Fever Sore throat Dysphagia Lymphadenopathy Malaise ```
33
Symptoms of glandular fever
``` Sore throat Fever Fatigue Weight loss Malaise Vomiting Petechiae Decreased appetite ```
34
Signs of glandular fever
``` Fever Lymphadenopathy Splenomegally Hepatitis Haemolysis ```
35
Define Trismus
Inability to normally open the mouth
36
Define quinsy
Collection of pus outside of the capsule of the tonsil. Pushes the uvula across Needs urgent ENT referral
37
Indications for tonsillectomy
Suspected malignancy OSA due to tonsilar hypertrophy Recurrent tonsillitis (5/yr for 2yrs) Quinsy + recurrent tonsillitis
38
What are adenoids
Lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx of children. | Increase in size until 4 then disappear in adulthood.
39
Cell types of tonsil tumours
Younger pts - lymphoma (smooth) | Older pts - squamous cell ca. (Ulcerated)
40
What is a pharyngeal pouch
Mucosal herniation through the pharyngeal musculature because cricopharyngeus doesn't relax. Dysphagia for solids + regurgitation
41
What causes Ménière's disease
Distension of the membranous labyrinth by accumulation of endolymph
42
What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Secondary to degeneration of utricular neuroepithelium in semicircular canals. Spontaneous or after head injury. Free floating material affects endolymph flow
43
Symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Attacks of vertigo - precipitated by head movement
44
Management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Steady resolution over weeks Most cases can be treated by - Epley manouvre
45
What drugs can cause ototoxicity
Gentamicin Streptomycin Quinine High dose aspirin
46
What is Ramsay hunt syndrome and what are its symptoms
Herpes zoster infection of the geniculate ganglion Affects facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve Facial muscle paralysis Herpetic eruption on ear canal (shingles) +/- tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo
47
What is labyrinthitis and what causes it
AKA vestibular neuronitis Most common cause of vertigo Sudden severe vertigo, vomiting and ataxia No tinnitus, no hearing loss May be viral in origin
48
Management of labyrinthitis
Antiemetics - often prochlorperazine Syx settle over few days
49
Symptoms of vestibular neuronitis
unsteadiness, nausea and vomiting. Feels like room is rotating. Moving the head aggravates symptoms.
50
Examination findings in vestibular neuronitis
Spontaneous, unidirectional, horizontal nystagmus fast direction towards the healthy ear. On walking / in Romberg's test, the patient tends to fall towards the affected side.
51
Management of vestibular neuronitis
antiemetic prochlorperazine (vestibular suppressant) may be useful short term. Promethazine and domperidone may be useful. 3 days steroids Early activity encouraged - promote vestibular compensation.
52
What is an acoustic neuroma
tumour of the vestibulocochlear nerve Schwannoma benign and slow growing symptoms due to mass effect
53
Risk factors for acoustic neuroma
Neurofibromatosis. | High-dose ionising radiation to head and neck
54
Presentation of acoustic neuroma
unilateral sensorineural hearing loss is an acoustic neuroma until proven otherwise. Unilateral tinnitus. Impaired facial sensation. Balance problems without other explanation.
55
What is a quinsy
Collection of pus outside the capsule of the tonsil Deviates the uvula Needs urgent ENT referal
56
What is trismus
Inability to normally open mouth
57
Symptoms of tonsillitis
``` Fever Sore throat Dysphagia Lymphadenopathy Malaise ```
58
Common organisms of tonsillitis
Viruses - adeno / rhino / influenza / resp syncytial | Bacterial - beta-haemolytic / streptococcus
59
Symptoms of layngeal cancer
``` Hoarseness Voice change Neck lump Odynophagia Persistent cough Stridor Halitosis Otalgia ```
60
Risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma
``` **Smoking** Excess alcohol Male Low socio-economic status >55yo ```
61
What is reinke's oedema
Oedema of the vocal cord
62
Treatment of epistaxis from littles area
Apply pressure to lower nose | Lean head forward
63
What makes sinusitis pain worse
Bending | Coughing
64
What is swimmers ear
Acute otitis externa

General Medicine (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions