Other Blood Group Systems Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
Lewis antigens build off of which precursor substance?
A
Type 1
2
Q
Which gene codes for a-4-L-fucosyl transferase, which adds a fucose to the subterminal GALNAC of the precursor substance?
A
Lewis gene
3
Q
Which gene codes for an enzyme that adds a fucose to the terminal galactose on the Type 1 precursor substance, making it an H antigen?
A
Se gene
4
Q
Which gene is more effective at changing the Type 1 precursor substance: Lewis or Secretor?
A
Se gene
5
Q
Lewis antigens adsorb to what type of molecule on RBCs?
A
glycolipids
6
Q
Lewis antigens adsorb to what type of molecule in body fluids?
A
lipoproteins
7
Q
What type of exchange occurs with Lewis antigens between RBCs, plasma, and body fluids?
A
free exchange
8
Q
A type O individual who inherited Le/le and Se/Se will produce which antigens?
A
H, Le a, Le b
9
Q
A type O individual who inherits Le/le and se/se will produce which antigens?
A
Le a
10
Q
A type A individual who inherits le/le and Se/se will produce which antigens?
A
A and H
11
Q
A type A individual who inherits Le/Le and Se/se will produce which antigens?
A
A, H, Le a, Le b
12
Q
A type B individual who inherits le/Le and se/se will produce which antigens?
A
B, Le a
13
Q
A type B individual who inherits le/le and se/se will produce which antigens?
A
B, but only on RBC surface, not in secretions
14
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Lewis antigens are integral parts of the RBC membrane.
A
FALSE
15
Q
Where are Lewis antigens mostly formed?
A
tissue cells
16
Q
Are Lewis antigens well developed at birth?
A
No
17
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Lewis antigen levels can decline during pregnancy.
A
TRUE
18
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: A normally negative woman can acquire Lewis antigens during pregnancy.
A
TRUE, but she will remit back to her normal phenotype after birth
19
Q
Which loci possess the genes needed to determine an individuals Lewis phenotype?
A
Lele locus, Hh locus, and the Sese locus
20
Q
Which lewis phenotype is rare in adults?
A
Le a+, Le b+
21
Q
When will lewis anitigens begin to be expressed?
A
12-18 months of age
22
Q
What is the phenotype of an individual who inherited the following genes? Le sese H
A
Le a+, Le b-
23
Q
What is the phenotype of an individual who inherited the following genes? Le Se H
A
Le a-, Le b+
24
Q
What is the phenotype of an individual who inherited the following genes? lele, Se, H
A
Le a-, Le b-
25
The lewis gene locus is belied to be found on which chromosome and is linked to which complement locus?
Chromosome 19 and linked to C3
26
Which antigens will be found on RBCs and in secretions if the following genes are inherited: Le Se H
On RBCs: Le b
In secretions: Le a and Le b
27
Which antigens will be found on RBCs and in secretions if the following genes are inherited: Le Se hh
Le a on RBCs and in secretions
28
Which lewis phenotype has the highest frequency?
Le a-, Le b+
29
What provides antigen specificity?
immunodominant sugars
30
What differentiates Type 1 and Type 2 precursor substances?
Type 1 has a B-1,3 linkage between the terminal galactose and subterminal GALNAC.
Type 2 has a B-1,4 linkage between the terminal galactose and subterminal GALNAC.
31
Which immunodominant sugar is responsible for H antigen specificity?
Fucose added to the terminal galactose of the precursor substance.
32
Which immunodominant sugar is responsible for Lewis antigen specificity?
Fucose added to the subterminal GALNAC of the Type 1 precursor chain.
33
What must occur in order for Lewis b antigens to form?
The individual must have Se and H to first convert the Type 1 precursor to an H antigen and then it can be converted to Lewis b antigen.
34
Which antigens is a type 2 isomer of Le a?
Le x
35
Which antigen is a type 2 isomer of Le b?
Le y
36
Which lewis antigen is evident in Le(a-,b-) individuals who are nonsecretors?
Le c
37
Which lewis antigen is evident in Le(a-,b-) individuals who are secretors?
Le d
38
If an individual has inherited A and/or B antigens along with Le, Se, and H, can compound antigens be made?
Yes.
39
How is an ALe(b) antigen formed?
A fucose is added to the terminal galactose of the precursor substance along with a GALNAC (for A specificity). A fucose is also added to the subterminal GALNAC of the precursor chain.
40
Which immunodominant sugar is responsible for A specificity?
GALNAC
41
Which immunodominant sugar is responsible for B specificity?
galactose
42
Which lewis antibody is commonly naturally occurring?
anti-Le(a)
43
Which phenotype will commonly produce anti-Le(a)?
Le(a-,b-)
44
Anti-Le(a) is what type of immunoglobulin?
IgM (binds complement)
45
Anti-Le(b) is what type of immunoglobulin?
IgM
46
Why does anti-Le(bH) react best with Le(b+) RBCs that are type O or A2?
There are more H antigens exposed to react with.
47
Which lewis antibody reacts with nonsecretors who lack Le gene?
anti-Le(c)
48
Which lewis antibody reacts with secretors who lack Le gene?
anti-Le(d)
49
Which reacts with all individuals with the Le gene?
Anti-Le(x)
50
Lewis antigens mostly react at what temperature?
room temperature
51
When are lewis antigens considered significant?
When they demonstrate in vitro hemolysis or react in AHG phase
52
Which lewis antigen has receptors for Helicobacter pylori?
Le(b)
53
Which lewis antigens are associated with GI, colorectal, and lung cancers?
Le(x) and Le(y)
54
Which lewis antibody is associated with renal failure?
anti-Le(a)
55
What substance can be used to neutralize lewis antibodies?
soluble lewis antigens
56
What is the order of Rh antigen frequency from highest to lowest?
e>c>D>C>E
57
Which has the highest and lowest frequency: Kell and Cillano
Kell (K) - lowest
| Cillano (k) - highest
58
Lu(b) has high or low frequency?
High
59
Which immunoglobulin class is responsible for anti-M,-N,-P,-I, and -Lu(a)?
IgM
60
Which immunoglobulin class is responsible for anti-Ss,-Kell,-Duffy,-Kidd, and -Lu(b)?
IgG
61
Which Rh antigens have the highest frequency?
e and c ... followed by D
62
Which antigens have the highest frequency? M or N
roughly the same (~75%)
63
Which antigens are more frequent? S or s
s
64
Which lewis antigen has the highest frequency?
Le(b)
65
TRUE OR FALSE: P antigens occur in high frequency
TRUE
66
Which Colton antigen is expressed most frequently?
Co(a)
67
Which Kell antigens have the highest frequencies?
k, Kp(b), and Js(b)
68
Which Lutheran antigen occurs most frequently?
Lu(b)
69
Which Diego antigen occurs more frequently?
Di(b)
70
Which Cartwright antigen occurs most frequently?
Yt(a)
71
If you lack the U antigen, then you will also lack...
Ss
72
Is the MNSsU blood group well developed at birth?
yes
73
M antigen is found on which glycoprotein?
glycophorin A
74
N antigen is found on which glycoprotein?
glycophorin B
75
Which amino acids are switched that define M and N?
M: position 1- SER position 5-GLY
N: position 1 - LEU position 5-GLU
76
S and s are found on which glycoprotein?
glycophorin B
77
What amino acid difference defines S from s?
At position 29 or GPB:
| S has MET and s has THR
78
anti-M and anti-N are of which class of immunoglobulin?
IgM, but can have IgG component
79
Which antibody can be seen in renal patients on dialysis due to the formaldehyde altering antigens?
anti-N
80
Which MN antibody can be naturally occurring?
anti-M
81
Which MN antibody is common with bacterial infections?
anti-M
82
Which class on immunoglobulin are anti-S and anti-s?
IgG ( can react at colder temperatures)
83
Anti-S,s tend to be more significant than anti-M,N because...
Anti-S,s are IgG and are implicated in HDFN and HTR
84
Which MNSs antibodies are implicated in HDFN and HTR with hemoglobinuria?
anti-S and anti-s
85
A combination antibody of anti-P,-P1, and -Pk is called...
anti-Tj(a)
86
Which P phonotype has the highest frequency?
P1
87
Which blood group system is related to ABO, Le, and I blood groups?
P
88
Roughly how long does is take for P antigens to reach full mature expression?
7 years
89
What happens to P1 upon storage?
degrades
90
Are MNSs destroyed or enhanced by enzymes?
destroyed (they extend far off the RBC surface
91
Are P antigens destroyed, enhanced, or unaffected by enzymes?
unaffected
92
Which antibody is associated with tapeworms?
anti-P1
93
Which P antibody is commonly naturally occurring and IgM?
anti-P1,-P
94
Which antigen is the receptor for the pyrovirus?
P antigen
95
Which P antibody is a potent naturally occurring hemolysin?
anti-Tj(a)
96
Which antibody has been associated with spontaneous chronic abortions and transplant rejection?
anti-Tj(a)
97
Which antibody is naturally occurring in P(k) individuals?
alloanti-P
98
Which antibody is associated with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and other cold agglutinin disorders?
autoanti-P
99
Which antigen expression is required in order for Luke antigens to be expressed?
P antigens
100
Which Luke phenotype is most frequent?
Luke +
101
Which antibody is associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
anti-Luke
102
What is the difference between i and I?
I has more extensive branching than i
103
I antigen content is strong most frequently in...
adults
104
Ii are enhanced, destroyed, or unaffected by enzymes?
enhanced
105
Ii is defined by a series of what chains rather than a gene?
carbohydrates
106
I Cord phenotype is most common in...
infants
107
Most anti-Ii are of what immunoglobulin class?
IgM
108
What is the biggest danger of anti-Ii?
masking other potentially significant antibodies
109
Which antibody is possibly associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Anti-I
110
Which antibody can be associated with viral disorders such as Ebstein Barr?
anti-i
111
Which antibody may be seen in alcoholic cirrhosis and myelogenous leukemia?
anti-i
112
Which Ii antibody can cause HDFN, rarely?
anti-i
113
Does ficin or papain denature Kell antigens?
yes
114
Which antigen is 2nd in immunogenicity after D?
Kell (K)
115
Which Kell antigens have high frequency?
k, Js(b), Kp(b)
116
K(0) is a silent Kell allele that is associated with which disorders?
muscle and nerve disorders
117
Which Kell antigen suppresses other Kell antigens in cis position?
Kp(a)
118
What is the probable biochemical nature of Kell antigens?
Carried on glycoproteins of RBC membrane
119
Anti-K is of what immunoglobulin class?
IgG and reactive in the AHG phase
120
How is anti-K stimulated to form?
exposure to RBC or pregnancy
121
Which enhancement media can be used to enhance anti-K?
PEG and Albumin
122
What media may decrease anti-K activity?
Low ionic strength media (LISS)
123
Is anti-K associated with HTR and HDFN?
yes
124
Why are antibodies to Kp(a) and Js(a) rare?
Because they are low frequency antigens so there are few exposures to stimulate the formation of those antibodies.
125
Why are antibodies to k, Kp(b), and Js(b) rare?
They are high frequency antigens and since so few people lack the antigen, few people will form antibodies against them.
126
Which antibodies parallel anti-K, but only cause mild cases of HDFN?
anti-k, -Kp(b), -Js(a)
127
Are the Duffy antigens well developed at birth?
yes
128
Why don't Duffy antigens store well?
They tend to elute RBC surface
129
Are Duffy antigens enhanced, destroyed, or unaffected by enzyme treatment?
destroyed
130
What antigens are needed in order for malaria to infect cells?
Duffy
131
What is the most common Duffy phenotype for Caucasians?
Fy(a+, b+)
132
What is the most common Duffy phenotype for Afro-Americans?
Fy(a-, b-)
133
What Duffy phenotype is protective against malaria?
Fy(a-, b-)
134
Which antigen is a result of Duffy and Rh gene interaction, common in Caucasians, and is unaffected by enzymes?
Fy5
135
Which antigen is similar to Fy(a), affected by enzymes, and defines the receptor for Plasmodium vivax to enter RBCs?
Fy6
136
Antibodies to duffy antigens are almost always stimulated by...
RBCs or pregnancy.
137
Duffy antibodies tend to be of which immunoglobulin class?
IgG
138
Which antibodies are notorious for delayed HTR?
anti-Fy
139
TRUE OR FALSE: Anti-Fy(b) is more frequent than anti-Fy(a)
FALSE
140
Anti-Duffys react well with which enhancement media?
LISS
141
What is the result of either amorph Jk or result of InJk that prevents Jk expression?
Kidd(null)
142
Kidd(null) is frequent in which population?
Polynesian
143
Kidd antigens are enhanced, destroyed, or unaffected by enzyme treatment?
destroyed
144
Which Kidd phenotype is most common in Afro-Americans?
Jk(a+, b-)
145
Which Kidd phenotype is most common in Caucasians?
Jk(a+, b-)
146
Which Kidd phenotype is rare?
Jk(a-,b-)
147
Antibodies against Kidd antigens are of which immunoglobulin class?
IgG, but sometimes IgM
148
Which antibodies are notorious for showing dosage?
anti-Kidd
149
Which antibody is unstable because it disappears rapidly from circulation so fresh serum is needed for detection?
Anti-Kidd
150
Kidd antibodies are enhanced by which media?
PEG and LISS
151
Which antibodies can have titers that drop below detectable levels and are notorious for goin undetected in the lab?
Anti-Kidd
152
Lu(a) is poorly developed at birth and takes how many years to fully develop?
15 years
153
Which Lutheran antigen is also present when Lu(a) or Lu(b) are present?
Lu3
154
Are Lu4, Lu5, Lu7, Lu11, Lu16, Lu17 high or low frequency antigens?
high frequency
155
In the Lutheran system, high incidence antigens are probably what while the low frequency antigens are probably...
High incidence antigens are the originals
Low incidence antigens are mutations of the originals
156
Which Lutheran phenotype if the most frequent and which one is the most rare?
Most Frequent: Lu(a-,b+)
Rare: Lu(a-,b-)
157
Regulator genes and Synthesis genes are needed in order to express which antigens?
Lutheran antigens
158
Synthesis genes influence which blood systems?
Lu, P, I
159
Syn-1B is also known as...
InLu
160
Syn-1B is an (inhibitor or activator) or Lu, P, and I systems and is (dominant or recessive)?
inhibitor
dominant
161
Syn-1A is an (inhibitor or activator) or Lu, P, and I systems and is (dominant or recessive)?
inhibitor
recessive
162
Anti-Lu(a) is of what immunoglobulin class?
IgM (can be naturally occurring)
163
Which antibody can be IgG, IgA, or IgM?
anti-Lu(b)
164
Which antigen is of interest in genetic studies, but has not been implicated in HDFN or HTR?
Xg(a)
165
What percentage of males and females are Xg(a) positive?
Males: 66%
Females: 88%
166
Which Diego antigens are high incidence?
Di(b) and Wr(b)
167
Diego antigens are associated with which glycoprotein?
glycophorin A
168
Di(a) is rare except in which populations?
Asians and Afro-American
169
Diego antibodies are severe with (HDFN or HTR), but not with (HDFN or HTR).
severe with HTR, but not with HDFN
170
Which Diego antibody has been seen as a naturally occurring IgM and as immune IgG?
Anti-Wr(a)
171
Which Diego antibody can be seen as an autoantibody in patients with AIIHA?
Anti-Wr(b)
172
Which Cartwright antigen is of high incidence?
Yt(a)
173
Where are cartwright antigens located?
On RBC acetylcholine esterase (an enzyme involved in neurotransmission)
174
Which cartwright antigen is well developed at birth and which one is not well developed at birth?
Yt(a) is not well developed at birth
Yt(b) is well developed at birth, but is a weak immunogen
175
Which Scianna antigens are high incidence?
Sc1 and Sc3
176
Sc3 is present on cells with...
Sc1 and/or Sc2
177
Anti-Di(a) and anti-Di(b) typically react in which phase?
AHG
178
Anti-Wr(a) and anti-Wr(b) typically react in which phase?
IS
179
Cartwright antibodies typically react in which phase?
AHG
180
Scianna antibodies typically react in which phase?
AHG
181
Colton antibodies typically react in which phase?
AHG
182
Which Colton antigens are high incidence?
Co(a) and Co3
183
Where are Colton antigens located?
on CHIP (channel-forming integral protein)
184
Which antigens are responsible for RBC water permeability?
Colton
185
Which protein and antigens are present in tissues of proximal and decending tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys and are responsible for 80% water reabsorption?
CHIP and Colton antigens
186
Which chromosome are Colton genes located?
Chromosome 7
187
Which Colton phenotype is linked to monosomy-7 and a rare form of dyserythropoietic anemia?
Co(a-, b-)
188
Gregory (Gy), Holley (Hy), and Joseph (Jo) are high incidence antigens that belong to which blood system?
Dombrock
189
TRUE OR FALSE: Dombrock antigens are poorly developed on cord cells
TRUE
190
Dombrock antibodies will typically react at which phase?
AHG
191
CH1, CH2, CH3, RG1, and RG2 are high frequency antigens that are part of which blood group system?
Chido/Rodgers
192
Are Chido/Rodger antigens sensitive to enzymes?
yes
193
TRUE OR FALSE: Chido/Rodgers antigens are greatly expressed on cord cells
FALSE. They are poorly expressed
194
What chromosome carried the Chido/Rodgers genes?
Chromosome 6
195
Which miscellaneous blood group system is related to the HLA system?
Chido/Rodgers
196
C4A refers to .....
C4B refers to...
C4A = Rodgers
C4B = Chido
197
Chido/Rodgers antigens are RBC antigens but are also found on
C4d fragments of C4A (Rodgers) and C4B (Chido) glycoprotein of C4
198
Null Chido/Rodgers is associated with
autoimmune diseases
199
Although Chido/Rodgers RBCs have not been implicated in HTR or HDFN, large amounts of what have resulted in severe anaphylactic reactions?
large amounts of plasma products
200
What is a problem Chido/Rodgers antibodies have of testing and how can it be resolved
May obscure other antibodies due to their weak and variable reactions.
Neutralize or inhibit antibodies by using Ag + plasma
201
Neutralizing CH/RG antibodies may also remove which other antibodies?
anti-Le
202
Which Gerbich antigens are high incidence?
Ge2, Ge3, Ge4
203
Gerbich gene can be found on which chromosome?
Chromosome 2
204
Where are Gerbich antigens located?
On glycophorin C and D in the RBC membrane
205
Which antigens are associated with membrane band 4.1 and implicated in maintaining RBC shape?
Gerbich (Ge)
206
Gerbich antibodies are of which immunoglobulin class?
IgG
207
Which gerbich antibodies can be naturally occurring IgM?
anti-Ge2 and anti-Ge3
anti-Wb and anti-Ls(a)
208
Which antigens can be found in serum, plasma, urine, platelets, WBCs, and placental tissue?
Cromer
209
TRUE OR FALSE: Cromer antigens can be depressed during pregnancy
TRUE
210
Which antigens are carried by DAF (decay accelerating factor)?
Cromer
211
INAB is a Cromer Null type where an individual lacks...
all Comer antigens and DAF
212
Which blood group system has antibodies that are predominantly IgG1?
Cromer
213
Concentrated urine, serum, plasma that is Ag+ can be used to neutralize which antibody?
anti-Cromer
214
All KNOPS antigens are high incidence except:
Kn(b)
215
KNOPS antigens are depressed in patients with Lu(a-, b-) phenotype due to...
the In(Lu) gene
216
Which antigens are located on complement receptor 1?
KNOPS
217
Why do autoimmune diseases, SLE, and chronic cold agglutinin disease depress KNOPS antigens?
Because of the loss of CR1
218
Which Indian Blood group antigen is high incidence?
In(b)
219
Indian blood group antigens are inherited on which chromosome?
chromosome 11
220
Anti-In(b) can cause (HTR or HDFN).
HTR
221
Bgs are antigens part of which HLA class?
Class 1
222
How are HLAs (Bgs) found on platelet and RBCs?
RBCs and platelets are nucleated during develop and during maturation they can carry residual Bg antigens
223
Which antibodies cause a nuisance in blood bank?
Bg antibodies
224
Which antibodies may increase in infectious mono, polycythemia, and hemolytic anemia?
anti-Bgs
225
Anti-Bgs are of which immunoglobulin class?
IgG
226
Bg(a) corresponds to HLA-?
Bg(b) corresponds to HLA-?
Bg(c) corresponds to HLA-?
Bg(a) corresponds to HLA-B7
Bg(b) corresponds to HLA-B17
Bg(c) corresponds to HLA-A28
227
Which antigens are enhanced by enzymes?
ABO, Rh, Kidd, Lewis, I, P
228
Which antigens are destroyed by enzymes?
Duffy, MNSs
229
Which antigen is unaffected by enzymes?
Kell
