Others Flashcards
(11 cards)
What is the most common cause of death in children aged 1 month to 1 year?
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- “Cot death”
What are some preventive measures/advice to give to parents to avoid SIDS?
- Supine sleeping position
- Avoid co-bedding
- Avoid smoking in the house
- Avoid over-heating
- Feet-to-foot position while sleeping
- Blanket not covering head
What is the peak age for SIDS?
2-4 months
What is the peak age of accidental poisoning in children?
30 months
How do one manage a child with suspected poisoning?
- Identify the agent.
- Identify the toxicity of the named agent.
- Decide if removal of the poison is indicated by
»_space; Activated charcoal: most effective
»_space; Gastric lavage: rarely used in children
»_space; Induced vomiting with ipecac
»_space; Little evidence this works if presentation is at more than 1 hour of ingestion - Investigations
»_space; BG for alcohol
»_space; Blood levels for:
- Alcohol
- Paracetamol
- Salicylates
- Iron
- Digoxin
»_space; Toxicology screening - Clinical management
»_space; Admission
»_space; Specific antedotes - Assess social circumstances
What are the features of non-accident injuries/physical child abuse?
Fractures
- In a non-mobile child
- Rib fractures
- Spiral fractures
- Multiple fractures of different ages
Bruising
- The shape of a hand or any object
- Around the wrists suggesting ligatures
- Around the neck suggesting strangulation
- On the buttock of a child > Look out for retinal hemorrhages and intracranial/subdural hemorrhages
What are the advantages of breast-feeding?
For the infant
- Ideal nutrition for infants in the first 4–6 months of life
- Reduces the risk of gastrointestinal infection, and, in preterm infants, of necrotising enterocolitis
- Enhances mother–child relationship
- Reduces risk of insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension and obesity in later life
For the mother
- Promotes close attachment between mother and baby
- Increases the time interval between children
- Possible reduction in premenopausal breast cancer
What is the most common nutritional disorder affecting children and adolescents?
Obesity
How do we define obesity in children?
> 91th centile: overweight
98th centile: obesity
3.5SD: very severe obesity
4SD: extreme obesity
What are the causes of obesity in children?
Exogenous
- Over-eating
Endogenous
- Hypothyroidism
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Syndromal causes: Prader Willi syndrome (look for hypotonia, hypogonadism and dysmorphic facies with almond-shaped eyes and fair complexion)
- Leptin deficiency (> Over-eating children with obesity are typically also taller due to over-nutrition.
» Short obese patients should be investigated for endogenous causes.
What are the complications of obesity?
Orthopedic
- Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
- Tibia vara
- Feet abnormalities
Metabolic conditions
- Type II DM
- Hypertension
- Abnormal lipid profile
Other medical conditions
- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- Gallbladder disease
Psychosocial
- Low self-esteem
- Depression
