Overview, Bioenergetics and Metabolism Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
C=O
A
Carbonyl
2
Q
R-C-H (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)
A
Aldehyde
3
Q
R-C-R (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)
A
Ketone
4
Q
COOH
A
Carboxyl
5
Q
R-C-O-R (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)
A
Ester
6
Q
R-S-C-R (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)
A
Thioester
7
Q
OH
A
Hydroxyl
8
Q
CH3
A
Methyl
9
Q
P
A
Phosphate
10
Q
NH2
A
Amino
11
Q
What is a derivative of niacin, accepts, and donates electrons?
A
NAD/NADH
12
Q
What is a derivative of riboflavin, accepts and donates electrons?
A
FAD/FADH2
13
Q
What is a derivative of pantothenic acid as well as holds or transfers acetyl and acyl groups?
A
Coenzyme A
14
Q
Which enzyme creates thioester bonds?
A
Coenzyme A
15
Q
What does the A stand for in Coenzyme A?
A
Acetylation
16
Q
What happens when the coenzyme breaks off of a molecule?
A
It gives off a lot of energy which can be coupled to another reaction.
17
Q
What is the definition of enzyme?
A
proteins that lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed, which increases the rate of the reaction
18
Q
Can enzymes be used up after going through a reaction?
A
No
19
Q
Kinase
A
adds phosphate
20
Q
Phosphatase
A
removes phosphate
21
Q
Isomerase
A
rearrange moleules
22
Q
Mutase
A
shift a group on the molecule
23
Q
Synthase (synthetase)
A
to build something
24
Q
Dehydrogenase
A
oxidize or reduce something. They work with coenzymes, NAD, FAD or NADP
25
Oxidation
loss of electrons/hydrogen, or addition of an oxygen
26
Reduction
gain of electrons/hydrogen, or loss of an oxygen
27
Metabolism
all chemical transformations within a cell or organism that occur because of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up the metabolic pathways
28
What is metabolism used for?
to make chemical energy, build macromolecules, synthesize and breakdown molecules
29
Only one pathway can be running at one time. True or False?
False
30
Anabolic pathways
when smaller molecules get put together to make larger molecules, which requires energy
31
which pathway is endergonic?
anabolic
32
Which pathway is usually a reduction reaction?
anabolic
33
catabolic pathways
breakdown of larger molecules to smaller molecules, which gives off energy
34
which pathway is exergonic?
catabolic
35
Which pathway is usually an oxidation reaction?
Catabolic
36
enzymes act as ____
regulators
37
When the fat breakdown pathway is active, the fat synthesis pathway is also active. True or false?
False
38
Can different pathways use the sa,e enzymes?
Sometimes, they won't share all, however
39
What must be present in order to make sure the correct pathway is running?
key regulatory enzymes
40
Paired pathways can occur in ____ areas of the cell.
different
41
If there is a lot of reactent, then the pathway will be _____.
stimulated
42
If there is none of a reactent, then the pathway will be ____.
inhibited
43
If there is a lot of product, then the pathway will be
inhibited
44
If there is no product, then the pathway will be ____.
stimulated
45
Enzymes can be _____ or _____ while products and reactants are not ____ or ____.
stimulated, inhibited, stimulated, inhibited
46
What else can regulate reactions?
hormone signaling, energy requirements
47
What are some examples of hormones that can influence reactions?
insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and norepinephrine
48
What happens when the body has a lot of ATP?
it has the energy to build fat, glycogen, glucose, cholesterol and nucleotides
49
What happens when the body has no ATP?
the body will run the phosphocreatine system, glycolysis, fat oxidation, amino acid oxidation and aerobic system
50
Bioenergetics
transfer and use of energy in biologic systems.
51
We are ____ systems, which means that we can exchange energy and matter with our surroundings
open
52
1st law of thermodynamics
conservation of energy, which means that energy cannot be created or destroyed and can be changed from one to another
53
2nd law of thermodynamics
disorder, which means that the universe tends to move toward disorder
54
Entropy
disorder of components in a chemical system. S is positive when disorder increases
55
Enthalpy
head content in the chemical reaction. Depends on the number and types of chemical bonds. H is negative when the reaction releases heat.
56
Exothermic
reaction releases heat
57
Endothermic
reaction absorbs heat
58
____ and ____ are both used to make a biochemical reaction proceed and determine free energy
entropy, enthalpy
59
Free energy can determine whether or not a reaction can proceed ____
spontaneously
60
Gibbs free energy
change in available energy, this will predict if a reaction will proceed and in what direction. Cells turn this energy into ATP.
61
What does GIbbs free energy predict?
whether a reaction is favorable and will approach zero as the reaction proceeds to equilibrium
62
Negative delta G
net loss of energy, reaction proceeds, reaction is exergonic
63
Exergonic
reactent gets turned into product
64
Positive delta G
implies a net gain of energy, reaction does not proceed, energy has to be added to the system to make it proceed
65
Endergonic
product gets turned into reactant
66
Delta G is zero
reactants are at equilibrium, reactions will continue until G is zero
67
Standard free energy
free energy using standard conditions
68
Additive
you can add the free energy together to determine whether the pathway can move forward. As long as it's negative, then it can move forward
69
What must happen if there is an endergonic reaction?
There must be an exergonic reaction coupled with it
70
ATP
a high energy molecules and breaking it down gives us energy to accomplish other things
71
____ is used for coupling with endergonic reactions to make the reaction even possible.
ATP
72
When ATP is used with an endergonic reaction, what can it do?
make the reaction go, transport molecules against a concentration gradient, mechanical motion
73
ATP has a _____turnover rate
high
74
What is the energy charge controlled by?
cell activity
75
What is cell activity controlled by?
energy charge
76
Where is adenylate cyclase located?
plasma membrane
77
What does adenylate cyclase do?
catalyzes the reaction with results in cAMP
78
What does cAMP stimulate?
AMP kinase
79
What are the other names for AMP kinase?
Protein kinase A, PKA
80
What does AMPK stimulate?
GLUT 4, glycogen breakdown, glycolysis, LPL activation and fat burning
81
What does AMPK inhibit?
cholesterol synthesis, TAG synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and glycogen synthesis
