Overview of Anatomy Flashcards by Hannah Padilla Lim

Science of the structure and function of the body

Anatomy

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Setting (structure) in which the events (functions) of life occur

Anatomy

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The examination of structures of the human that

can be seen without a microscope (macroscopic)

Gross Anatomy

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Study of large, easily observable structures

Gross Anatomy

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Study of very small structures in the body with the

use of a microscope

Microscopic Anatomy

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Provide knowledge of what lies under the skin and
what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable)
in the living body at rest and in action

Surface Anatomy

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Study of the body’s organ system that work

together to carry out complex functions

Systemic Anatomy

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Considers the organization of the body as major
parts or segments with attention to a specific part or
region.

Regional Anatomy

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Study of the body using radiological imaging
(Radiographs) to view body parts internally in a
non-invasive way.

Radiographic Anatomy

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Separating the parts of a cadaver so that they can
be studied; does not necessarily mean
slicing/cutting up a cadaver

Cadaver dissection

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Well-established method and is the foundation of

our knowledge of anatomy

Cadaver dissection

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study of macroscopic structure
and function of the body as it relates to the practice
of medicine and other health sciences

Clinical anatomy

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Study of very small structures in the body with the
use of a microscope; Integrated exploration of cells, intercellular
materials and tissues

Microscopic Studies

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refers to the body position as if the person
were standing upright with the: • Head, gaze (eyes) and toes directed anteriorly
• Arms (Upper extremities) adjacent to the sides with the
palms facing anteriorly
• Lower limbs (Lower Extremities) close together with feet
parallel facing anteriorly

Anatomical Position

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Universal reference point; Used for anatomico-clinical descriptions worldwide

Anatomical position

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vertical plane which passes

through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

Median sagittal plane

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a plane which is situated to one or
the other side of the median plane and is parallel to
it; divides the body into unequal halves.

paramedian

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refers to the structure that is

nearer to the median plane of the body

Medial

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refers to the structure that is farther away from the median plane

Lateral

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a vertical plane which is perpendicular
to the median plane; divides the body into anterior and
posterior halves; “crown”

Coronal plane

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also called as “horizontal plane” or “axial plane”; this is perpendicular to both median and coronal plane; divides the body into superior and inferior
parts

Transverse plane

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section that runs parallel with the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts

Longitudinal section

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Section that at right angles to the longitudinal section; involves the entire body or any of its parts

Transverse/cross section

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either longitudinal nor transverse (a section by exclusion) E.g. diagonal section of the hind limb; commonly used for radiographic images

Oblique section

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nearer the upper most part of the cranium

Superior

nearer the sole of foot

inferior

Front portion of the body

Back portion of the body

Posterior

More commonly used term for anterior/posterior in animals; used also in referring terms in brain

Ventral and Dorsal

nearer the anterior part of the head

Rostral

nearer the midsagittal plane

Medial

farther away from the midsagittal plane

Lateral

nearer to feet, closer to medial

inferomedial

nearer to head, farther from medial

superolateral

nearer to head, closer to medial

Superomedial

nearer to feet, farther from medial

Inferolateral

anterior surface of the hand

Palmar

posterior surface (sole) of the foot

Plantar

refer to the position of | a structure in relation to the skin & bones

Superficial, intermediate, deep

nearer to center or cavity of an organ

Internal

farther away from the center or cavity of an | organ

External

nearer the origin/attachment of the structure

Proximal

farther away from the origin/attachment of the | structure

Distal

body is lying down on his back, face directed | upward

Supine

person is lying on his belly, face directed | downward (body lies in horizontal position)

Prone

refers to tail region (coccyx in humans)

Caudal

refers to the cranium

Cranial

structure occurs on both sides, e.g. eyes, | kidneys

Bilateral

ccurs only in one side, e.g. spleen (left side | only)

Unilateral

found in the same side of the body

Ipsilateral

occurring on opposite side of the body

Contralateral

angle between two structures is decreased, | takes place in a sagittal plane

Flexion

angle between two structures is increased

Extension

angle between bones of a joint is greater than normal, that is a joint is extended beyond its normal range of motion

Hyperextension

movement of the trunk in the coronal plane

Lateral flexion

ankle’s movement (flexion) pull the toes and feet up towards the body; foot points more superiorly or toward the dorsum of the foot

Dorsiflexion

ankle’s movement (extension) causes the foot to point more inferiorly or towards the plantar surface (e.g. Standing on tiptoes)

Plantar flexion

revolving a part/structure around its longitudinal axis

Rotation

revolving movement of the anterior surface of the limb towards the median plane

Medial rotation

revolving movement of the anterior surface of the limb away from the median plane

Lateral rotation

``` movement anteriorly (e.g. Stick out tongue) ```

Protrusion/Protraction

``` movement posteriorly (e.g. Bring tongue back to its oral cavity ```

Retrusion/Retraction

movement away from the median plane | in the coronal plane

Abduction

movement towards the median plane in | the coronal plane

Adduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (usually in joints – shoulder, hip, etc.)

circumduction

bringing the pad of the first digit to the other digits

Opposition

bringing the pad of the first digit back to | the anatomical position

Reposition

raising of a body part/structure; moving a | structure more superiorly

Elevation

bringing down a body part/structure; | moving a structure inferiorly

Depression

movement of the sole of the foot away | from the median plane

eversion

movement of the sole of the foot towards | the median plane

inversion

movement of the forearm and hand wherein the radius moves medially around its longitudinal axis such that the palms are facing backward

Pronation

movement of the forearm and the hand wherein the radius moves laterally along its longitudinal axis such that the palms are facing forward

Supination

a site where two/more bones come together; some have no movement (e.g. Suture of the skull), some have only slight movement (e.g. Superior tibiofibular joint), some are freely movable (shoulder joint)

Joint

Movements involved in hip “pagdekwatro” (male)

Hip Flexion Hip External Rotation Hip Abduction