Skeletal System: Articular System, Skull and Cranial Fossae Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of Bones
A
Support, protection, body movement
2
Q
Forms a rigid framework to which the muscles of the body are attached; provides structural support
A
Skeletal system
3
Q
encloses the brain
A
Skull
4
Q
encloses the spinal cord
A
Vertebral column
5
Q
(made of ribs and sternum: manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process) – protects the heart, lungs (largest), great vessels, liver and spleen
A
Rib cage
6
Q
T or F: Sites where blood cells are produced are protected within the spongy bone tissue of certain bones
A
T
7
Q
2 attachments of muscles
A
origin and insertion
8
Q
T or F: Skeletal muscles use bones as levers (with joints acting as pivots) to move the body
A
T
9
Q
Process of blood cell formation
A
Hemopoiesis
10
Q
T or F: All blood cells are made in the marrow (specifically white bone marrow) of certain bones
A
F, red bone marrow
11
Q
Blood cell production is influenced by ________ which is produced by the kidneys which induces erythropoiesis
A
Erythropoietin
12
Q
Lipid is stored in the adipose tissue within the _________ of certain bones
A
medullary cavity
13
Q
Adipose tissues and lipid contents are known as ________ .
A
yellow bone marrow
14
Q
Mineral which gives bones firmness and strength
A
Calcium and Phosphorous
15
Q
Percentage of body’s calcium stored in bones
A
99%
16
Q
Percentage of body’s phosphorous stored in bones
A
85%
17
Q
Occurs throughout life (embryo -> adulthood)
A
Bone formation
18
Q
Begins at about 4th week of embryonic development
A
Ossification/Bone formation
19
Q
Bone tissues are derived from specialized migratory cells of mesoderm known as
_________
A
Mesenchyme
20
Q
T or F: Before week 8, bones are made of fibrous membrane cartilage.
A
T
21
Q
T or F: X-ray readings of children appear lighter due to incomplete ossification.
A
F, darker.
22
Q
2 routes of ossification
A
Endochondral and Intramembranous
23
Q
Stages of Endochondral Ossification
A
- Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage
- Cavitation of HC within the cartilage model
- Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation
- Formation of medullary cavity as ossi continues
- Ossification of epiphyses; completed = HC remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
24
Q
T or F: Hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages when ossification is completed
A
T
25
Embryonic Mesenchymal Cells -> bone
Intramembranous Ossification
26
Embryonic mesenchymal cells -> chondroblasts -> cartilage matrix -> bone
Endochondral ossification
27
Ossification: Direct Mineralization from mesenchyme
Intramembranous Ossification
28
Intramembranous Ossification: example of bones
skull cap (calvaria), some facial bones, clavicle, scapula, pelvis, and part of mandible
29
Avascular organ; part of the fibrous layer of the eyes with no blood supply
Cornea
30
Cornea: Necessary nutrients are received with the help of fluid from _________
Ciliary humor
31
Due to the absence of direct blood supply, rejection after cornea transplant is controlled by _______ instead of immunosuppressant drugs.
Steroids
32
Bone classification accrdg to origin
Intramembranous and Endochondral
33
Bone classification accrdg to structure
Compact bone and spongy/cancellous bone
34
Commonly seen as a superficial layer of bone that is very hard and dense solid
Compact Bone
35
Consists of precise arrangements of microscopic cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long ax
Compact Bone
36
Column-like structures that run parallel to the long axis of the bone; Matrix is laid down in concentric rings (lamellae)
Haversian System
37
Parts of Haversian System
Lamellae, Central Canal, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Perforationg (Volkmann's) Canal
38
Parts of Haversian System: concentric layers that surround the central canals
Lamellae
39
Parts of Haversian System: contains minute nutrient vessels and nerves
Central canal
40
Parts of Haversian System: spaces that contain osteocytes connected to one another by tiny channels called canaliculi
Lacunae
41
Parts of Haversian System: tiny channels that process osteocytes and connect lacunae
Canaliculi
42
Parts of Haversian System: connect osteons with blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canal
43
Located deep to the compact bone tissue
Spongy/Cancellous Bone
44
Porous; with inner layer of honey-comb, flat, minute, needle-like projections called Trabeculae
Spongy/Cancellous Bone
45
inner layer of honey-comb, flat, minute, needle-like projections in Spongy/Cancellous Bone
Trabeculae
46
Bone classification accrdg to location
Axial and Appendicular
47
Found at the “axis” or the central line of the body
Axial
48
Bone classification accrdg to location: 80 bones
Axial
49
Found within the “appendages”; 126 bones
Appendicular
50
Netter's number of appendicular bones
134 bones (8 sesamoid bones on both hands and feet)
51
Bone classification accrdg to shape
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid bones
52
Much longer than they are wider; Bones of the limbs (usually has a shaft and 2 expanded ends)
Long bones
53
Cuboidal in shape
Short bones
54
Example of Short bone:
Carpal Bones: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Tarsal Bones: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular bone, cuboid, 3 cuneiform
55
Thin, flattened and slightly curved type of bone
Flat bone
56
Other bones which cannot be classified as long, short or flat
Irregular bone
57
Ex. of flat bones
Scapulae, sternum, ribs, most boned of skull, facial bones except sphenoid and ethmoid
58
Ex. of irregular bones
Sphenoid and ethmoid, vertebrae, pelvic bone
59
Small nodules of bone; Found in certain tendons where they rub over bony surfaces; Protects tendon from excessive wear and tear by altering the direction of pull of a tendon
Sesamoid bones
60
Ex. of sesamoid bone
Patella
61
Point of articulation between bones; May or may not permit movement
Joint
62
Functions of joint:
o Weight bearing (knee and hip joints)
o Movement
o Stability (Hip joint)
o Lubrication
63
Joints accrdg to structure
Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
64
Bones are separated by joint cavity lubricated by synovial fluid; Enclosed in a fibrous joint capsule
Synovial joint
65
Type of joint: Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, carpal, interphalangeal
Synovial joint
66
Held together by collagenous fibers; From the matrix of one bone into the matrix of the next; No joint cavity
Fibrous joint
67
Type of joint: Skull sutures, teeth joints (Gomphoses), radio-ulnar joints, tibio-fibular joints
Fibrous joint
68
Bones held togethers by cartilage; No joint cavity
Cartilaginous joint
69
Type of joint: Epiphyseal plate of long bones (where bone growth occurs), costosternal joints, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Cartilaginous joint
70
Pubic symphysis accommodate pregnancy through the production of _____ hormone
Relaxin
71
Joints according to articulation surfaces:
Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and Socket
72
Type of joint: Flat and allows short slipping/gliding movements
Plane
73
Type of joint: Cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped process; For flexion and extension
Hinge
74
Type of joint: Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a ring; For rotation
Pivot
75
Type of joint: Oval articular surface of one bone fits into complementary depression
For flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Condyloid
76
Type of joint: Concave and convex areas fit one another
Saddle
77
Type of joint: Spherical or semi-spherical articulates with cup-like socket
Allows freedom of motion (combines condyloid + medial & lateral rotation)
Ball and socket
78
Type of joint: Elbow joint, interphalangeal joints
Hinge
79
Type of joint: Atlantoaxial, radio-ulnar joint
Pivot
80
Type of joint: Radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal joints
Condyloid
81
Type of joint: Carpo-metacarpal joints of thumb
Saddle
82
Type of joint: Shoulders
Ball and socket
83
Type of joint: Intercarpal, intertarsal
Plane
84
Joints according to degree of movement
Diarthroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses
85
Freely movable joint
Diarthroses
86
Slightly movable joint
Amphiarthroses
87
Non-movable joint
Synarthroses
88
Joints accrdg to joint movement
Uniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial
89
Type of joint: Move in 1 plane
Uniaxial
90
Type of joint: Move in 2 plane
Biaxial
91
Type of joint: Move in 3 plane
Multiaxial
92
Articulating surfaces of shoulder joint
round head of humerus & glenoid fossa
93
Articulating surfaces of elbow joint
trochlea and capitulum of humerus & trochlear notch of the ulna and head of radius
94
Articulating surfaces of wrist joint
distal end of radius and articular disc above & scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones
95
Articulating surfaces of hip joint
Head of femur & acetabulum (commonly fractured bones, esp in girls)
96
Articulating surfaces of knee joint
2 articulation system - Lower end of femur & femur; round condyles of femur & condyles of tibia
97
Articulating surfaces of ankle joint
Lower end of tibia and 2 malleoli & body of talus
98
T or F: Fibula is connected to patella and can therefore be used as graft (along with floating ribs)
F, not connected
99
Disadvantage of freely movable joints
maiipit blood vessels
100
How many bones are there in the skull?
22 bones
101
Bones of the skull are attached to each other by _____, are immobile, and form the cranium.
Sutures
102
Divisions of the skull
Cranium, Viscerocranium, Auditory ossicles
103
2 division of cranium
Calvaria and Base
104
How many bones are there in the cranium?
8 bones
105
Paired bones of the cranium
Parietal and Temporal bones
106
Unpaired bones of the cranium
Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid bones
107
Floor of the cranial cavity
Base
108
upper domed part, covers the cranial cavity containing the brain
Calvaria/Vault
109
Facial skeleton; composed of 8 bones
Lower anterior part
Make up the contour of the face
Viscerocranium
110
Paired bones of the viscerocranium
Maxillary, Lacrimal (near the orbit), Nasal, Zygomatic (forms the cheeks), Inferior nasal conchae (lateral projections of the nasal cavity), Palatine
111
Unpaired bones of the viscerocranium
Vomer
112
Found in the middle ear and functions to transmit vibrations of tympanic membranes; First bones to be fully ossified during development and are essentially mature at birth
Auditory ossicles
113
Unlike other bones, they lack a surrounding layer of osteogenic periosteum.
Auditory ossicles
114
Type of joint: auditory ossicles
synovial
115
T or F: Smallest joint is found between incus and stapes (synovial, movable)
T
116
3 interconnected bones of auditory ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
117
Largest ossicle and possesses a head, a neck, a long process or handle, and anterior process, and a lateral process. It is connected to the tympanic membrane
Malleus
118
Possesses a large body and two processes. It is connected to the malleus.
Incus
119
Has a head, a neck, two limbs, and a base. It is connected to the incus and the lateral wall of the internal ear at the oval window; Smallest ossicle
Stapes
120
T or F: Mandible is part of the cranium nor part of the facial skeleton. It is united to the skull by the mobile temporomandibular joint.
F, not part
121
immovable joints which unite the bones of the skull
Suture
122
connective tissue between the bones of the skull; consists of the periosteum covering the outer surface become continuous with the endosteum covering the surface of the bone.
Suture ligament
123
Major Sutures of the Skull
Coronal suture, Sagittal suture, Lambdoid suture
124
Suture between the frontal and parietal bones
Coronal suture
125
Suture between the paired parietal bone
Sagittal suture
126
Suture between the parietal and occipital bones
Lambdoid suture
127
Landmarks of the skull
Bregma, Lambda, Pterion
128
junction where the coronal and the sagittal sutures meet
Bregma
129
junction where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet
Lambda
130
area where the sutures between the parietal, sphenoid, frontal, and temporal squama converge or meet; Weakest part
Pterion
131
premature closure of skull suture
Craniosyntosis
132
separates the bones of the vault that are not closely knit at the sutures. At these sites, the sutures form wide areas of fibrous tissue.
Fontanelles
133
2 types of fontanelle
anterior and posterior fontanelle
134
Most prominent fontanelle; “soft spot”
Lies between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones behind
Diamond-shaped
Anterior fontanelle
135
Bounded by the parietal bones anteriorly and the occipital bone posteriorly
Triangular shape
Posterior fontanelle
136
Palpation of the fontanelles during infancy, especially the anterior and posterior ones, enables physicians to determine the:
1. Progress of growth
2. Degree of hydration
3. Intracranial pressure
4. Pulse of cerebral arteries
137
Regions in the cranial fossa
Anterior, Middle and Posterior
138
any of three large depressions in the anterior, middle, and posterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity.
cranial fossa
139
Lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
| Bones forming the anterior cranial fossa: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones
Anterior cranial fossa
140
Anterior cranial fossa: crest for attachment in the midline
Falx cerebri
141
Lodge the temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
| Bones forming the cranial fossa: sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones
Middle cranial fossa
142
Weakest cranial fossa because it has more holes/ foramina
| fracture in this area causes otorrhea
Middle cranial fossa
143
Lodges the parts of the hindbrain, namely, the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Bones forming the cranial fossa: Temporal and occipital bones
Posterior cranial fossa
144
Openings in the anterior cranial fossa
Foramen cecum
Anterior ehtmoidal foramen
Foramina in the cribriform plate
Posterior ethmoidal foramen
145
Structure transmitted in: Foramen cecum
Emissary vein
146
Structure transmitted in: Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve
147
Structure transmitted in: Foramina in the cribriform plate
Olfactory nerves
148
Structure transmitted in: Posterior ethmoidal foramen
Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve
149
Middle cranial fossa openings
```
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Carotid Canal
```
150
Structure transmitted in: optic canal
```
Optic nerve (II);
Opthalmic artery
```
151
Structure transmitted in: Superior orbital fissure
Oculomotor nerve (III); Trochlear nerve (IV); Lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves (V1); Abducent nerve (VI); Superior ophthalmic vein
152
Structure transmitted in: Foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (V2)
153
Structure transmitted in: Foramen Ovale
```
Mandibular nerve (V3);
Lesser petrosal nerve
```
154
Structure transmitted in: Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
155
Structure transmitted in: Foramen lacerum
Filled by cartilage and fibrous tissue (in the inferior opening);
Greater petrosal nerve
156
Structure transmitted in: carotid canal
Internal carotid artery
157
Posterior cranial fossa: openings
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular foramen
Internal acoustic meatus
158
Structure transmitted in: Foramen magnum
Medulla oblongata, spinal part of accessory nerve, and vertebral arteries
159
Structure transmitted in: hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
160
Structure transmitted in: Jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX); Vagus nerve (X); Accessory nerves (XI); Sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein
161
Structure transmitted in: internal acoustic meatus
Facial nerves (VII); Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII);
162
Type of joint: temporomandibular joint
Synovial
163
Articulation of temporomandibular joint
Articulation: occurs between the articular tubercle and the anterior portion of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone above and the head (condyloid process) of the mandible
164
Function of Temperomandibular joint
Depression, Elevation, Protrusion, Retraction, Lateral chewing movements
