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Physiology > Oxygen - friend or foe? > Flashcards

Oxygen - friend or foe? Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of ATP?

A

Transport substances across cell membranes
muscle contraction
energy for the cells

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2
Q

which organ uses the most energy?

A

liver

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3
Q

what oxidation?

A

addition of oxygen or removal of electrons

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4
Q

what is reduction?

A

removal of oxygen or addition of electrons

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5
Q

what is respiration?

A

the process of breaking down organic molecules to harvest chemical energy

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6
Q

breaking down of sucrose

A

requires sucrase

produces D-fructose and D-glucose

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7
Q

breaking down of lactose

A

requires lactase

produces D-galactose and D-glucose

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8
Q

what happens in glycolysis?

A

storage as glycogen
conversion to nucleotides and fatty acids
generation of ATP energy

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9
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

produces lactate

generates less ATP

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10
Q

Glycolytic enzyme

A

mutation-associated demonstrated or possible defects

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11
Q

Hexokinase 1

A

nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

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12
Q

Hexokinase 2

A

nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia
insulin resistance
possible cause of increased glycolysis in cancer cells

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13
Q

Glucokinase

A

gestational diabetes, hyperinsulinism of the newborn

maturity-onset diabetes of the young

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14
Q

phosphoglucose isomerase

A

nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

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15
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

exercise intolerance and compensated hemolysis - tarui disease

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16
Q

Aldolase B

A

hereditary fructose intolerance

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17
Q

triosephosphate isomerase

A

multisystem disease

lethality in early childhood

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18
Q

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

diverse nonglycolytic functions, could be involved in prostate cancer, age-related neurodegenerative disease

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19
Q

phosphoglycerokinase

A

chronic hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

phosphoglycerate mutase

A

exercise intolerance

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21
Q

enolase 1

A

deregulation of c-myc oncogene

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22
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

alpha-hereditary hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Tarui’s disease

A

phosphofructokinase deficiency
affects skeletal muscle
autosomal recessive

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24
Q

symptoms of Tarui’s disease

A

muscle pain
fatigue on everyday activity
fixed contractures with rhabdomyolysis
risk of acute renal failure

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25
what is the treatment for taruis disease?
no specific treatment maintain healthy diet control weight take regular gentle aerobic exercise
26
fumarase deficiency
very rare causes micocephaly frontal bossing micrognathia
27
examples of mitochondrial disease
``` mitochondrial myopathy diabetes mellitus at early age deafness at early age leber's hereditary optic neuropathy leigh syndrome neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa and ptosis dementia myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome ```
28
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
visual loss in young adulthood | degeneration of the optic nerves and retina
29
Leigh syndrome
seizures altered states of consciousness dementia ventilatory failure
30
myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres
``` progressive myoclonic epilepsy short stature hearing loss lactic acidosis exercise intolerance ```
31
oxygen cascade
the process of declining oxygen tension from atmosphere to mitochondria
32
disruption of oxygen cascade
at any point of the cascade will lead to insufficient availability of oxygen to meet energetic demands = hypoxia
33
what is in the oxygen cascade?
air - alveoli - end capillary - arterial blood - tissue capillary - cell - mitochondira
34
what are the different types of hypoxia?
hypoxic anaemic circulatory histotoxic
35
hypoxic hypoxia
low pp O2 inadequate haemoglobin sats pulmonary diseases high altitude
36
anaemic hypoxia
decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood anaemia CO poisoning
37
circulatory hypoxia
decreased O2 delivery to tissues cardiac failure hypotension shock
38
histotoxic hypoxia
inability to use oxygen normal O2 delivery cyanide poisoning mitochondrial disease
39
cellular effects of hypoxia
early/ reversible and late/ irreversible
40
what are the early/ reversible effects of hypoxia?
``` mitochondrial ATP production stops anaerobic glycolysis begins cellular ATP depletion sodium pump fails protein synthesis fails accumulation of sodium ions water enters the cells and causes swelling ```
41
what are the late/ irreversible effects of hypoxia?
cell and organelles swell membrane integrity fails mitochondrial pores open > apoptosis leakage of cell proteins > necrosis
42
How are reactive oxygen species formed?
O2 is a strong oxidising agent | partial reduction of oxygen yields reactive oxygen species
43
ROS - the players
partial reduction of oxygen yields: superoxide anion radical hydrogen peroxide ROS species can react together to form further ROS - hydroxyl radicals
44
Exception
singlet oxygen is a ROS but not a radical or from other ROS species
45
where do ROS come from?
mitochondria
46
what are some other sources of ROS?
Endogenous and exogenous
47
what are endogenous sources of ROS?
``` mitochondrial respiratory chain respiratory burst and NADH oxidase xanthine oxidase lipoxygenases glucose oxidase myeloperoxidase nitric oxide synthase cyclo-oxygenase transition metas ```
48
what are exogenous sources of ROS?
``` pollutants radiation cigarette smoking food and nutrients drugs xenobiotics ```
49
what do ROS do?
damage cells by causes free radial substitution chain reactions cause cancer
50
cellular antioxidant defences
antioxidant enzyme systems | located in organelles and cytosol - isoforms
51
what are the antioxidant enzyme systems?
superoxide dismutase catalase glutathione peroxidase
52
oxidative stress
to prevent this there needs to be a balance between ROS production and ROS removal
53
what can oxidative stress do?
cause a whole host of diseases - asthma, vasospasm, atherosclerosis. cancer, inflammatory diseases, alzheimer's and parkinson's, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, ischemic bowel
54
immune cells and ROS
immune cells kill pathogens with ROS
55
hyperbaric oxygen
patient inhales 100% oxygen at higher atmospheric pressure | 15 times more oxygen received
56
how does hyperbaric oxygen work?
under pressure more oxygen is forced into the tissues so new blood vessels grow plasma can carry 100% oxygen under pressure red blood cells flow into new blood cells extra oxygen is diffused to the tissues from the new blood vessels
57
what can be hyperbaric oxygen be used for?
wound healing- diabetic ulcers and other ulcers/ infected wounds the bends - decompression sickness
58
what is photodynamic therapy?
uses photosensitiser which becomes activated when red light or daylight is shone onto the skin where it is applied. Causes changes in the oxygen molecules - oxidisation forming ROS in abnormal skin cells. The ROS kill abnormal cells. There is minimal damage to normal cells
59
what is decompression sickness?
dissolved gases coming out of solution and forming bubbles inside the body on depressurisation causes joint pain, rashes , paralysis and death.
60
when are ROS useful?
used as signalling molecules
61
what does nitric oxide do?
vasodilation
62
what can ROS damage?
DNA lipids proteins
63
what does carbon monoxide poisoning cause?
cherry red colour to skin
64
what is basal metabolic rate?
metabolic rate at rest

Physiology (46 decks)

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