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1
Q

which of the following glial cells making neurotrophic factors?

satellite cells
schwann cells
astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

A

which of the following glial cells making neurotrophic factors?

satellite cells
schwann cells
astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

where do you find the cell body of motor neuron? [1]

where do you find the cell bodys preganglionic autonomic neurons? [1]

A

where do you find the cell body of motor neuron? [1]
grey matter of ventral horn

where do you find the cell bodys preganglionic autonomic neurons? [1]
lateral horn

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3
Q

what are A & B? [2]

what do A & B connect? [2]

what are their roles? [1]

A

what are A & B? [2]
A = anterior commisure
B = internal capsule

what do A & B connect? [2]
A = temporal lobes
B = lenticular nucleus & thalamus

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4
Q

what are A & B? [2]

what do A & B connect? [2]

what are their roles? [1]

A

what are A & B? [2]
A = anterior commisure
B = internal capsule

what do A & B connect? [2]
A = temporal lobes
B = lenticular nucleus & thalamus

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5
Q

where do u find the nuclei in brainstem of nerves that are for:

a) sensory
b) motor
c) mixed

A

where do u find the nuclei in brainstem of nerves that are for:

a) sensory: lateral
b) motor: medial
​c) mixed: middle

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6
Q

what causes, during development , the differentiated nerve fibre capsules? [1]

A

cytokines are released from the bare end of the nerve fibre and stimulate local CT to for a capsule around it

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7
Q

why are free nerve endings described as polymodal nociceptors?

A

free nerve endings detect chemical stimuli as well as mechanical displacement
v often produce sensation of pain

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8
Q

which of the following types of myelination would cause slow pain from the skin or act as thermoreceptors?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

A

which of the following types of myelination would cause slow pain from the skin or act as thermoreceptors?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

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9
Q

explain mechanism of what occurs after nerve injury xox

A
  • peripheral nerve is cut
  • schwann cell wraps around distal part to form continuous line of cells (and make a tunnel)
  • proximal end: nerve fibres form growth cones: grow back down inside the sheath
  • in growth cone, have filopodia, (contain actin)
  • filopodia adhere to the cell adhesion molecules on inner surface of schwann cells, contract and pull forward along tunnel
  • schwann cells wrap myeline around nerve fibre
  • nerve fibres regen at 1.5mm/ day
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10
Q
A
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11
Q
A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

label A-E

A

A: temporal
B: sphenoid
C: ethmoid
D: occipital bone
E: temporal bone

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15
Q

what is

A

ethmoid bone - purple
sphenoid bone - red
zygomatic bone - yellow

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16
Q

which foramen do the followng leave the skull from?

trigeminal nerve

  • opthamalic (V1)
  • maxillary (V2)
  • mandibular (V3)
A

which foramen do the followng leave the skull from?

trigeminal nerve

  • opthamalic (V1): supraorbital foramen
  • maxillary (V2): infraoribal foramen
  • mandibular (V3): mental foramen
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17
Q

which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]

what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]

A

which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]
stylomastoid foramen

what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]
motor muscles of facial expression

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18
Q

which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]

what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]

A

which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]
stylomastoid foramen

what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]
motor muscles of facial expression

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19
Q

spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?

​formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

A

spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?

​formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

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20
Q

which space do you take lumbar puncture from? [1]
which space do you take an epidural from? [1]

A

which space do you take lumbar puncture from? [1]
subarachnoid - take CSF
which space do you take an epidural from? [1]
epidural

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21
Q

which of the following is a sensory neuron?
which of the following is a motor neuron?

A

which of the following is a sensory neuron?
B
which of the following is a motor neuron?
A

22
Q

where do you find enlargements of spinal cord? [2]

what is conus medularis? [1]
what level is conus medularis? [1]

what level is cauda equina? [1]
what is centre of cauda equina? [1]

A

where do you find enlargements of spinal cord? [2]
cervical englargement
lumbosacral englargement
(nerves going to limbs)

what is conus medularis? [1]
is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord.
what level is conus medularis? [1]
L1/L2

what level is cauda equina? [1]
The cauda equina is the sack of nerve roots (nerves that leave the spinal cord between spaces in the bones of the spine to connect to other parts of the body) at the lower end of the spinal cord
what is centre of cauda equina? [1]
l2/l3

23
Q

where do you find enlargements of spinal cord? [2]

what is conus medularis? [1]
what level is conus medularis? [1]

what level is cauda equina? [1]
what is centre of cauda equina? [1]

A

where do you find enlargements of spinal cord? [2]
cervical englargement
lumbosacral englargement
(nerves going to limbs)

what is conus medularis? [1]
is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord.
what level is conus medularis? [1]
L1/L2

what level is cauda equina? [1]
The cauda equina is the sack of nerve roots (nerves that leave the spinal cord between spaces in the bones of the spine to connect to other parts of the body) at the lower end of the spinal cord
what is centre of cauda equina? [1]
l2/l3

24
Q

how does path of dorsal column medial lemniscus differ if sensory input is from hand / foot? [2]

A

how does path of dorsal column medial lemniscus differ if sensory input is from hand / foot? [2]

  • *differ on which part of the dorsal column medial lemniscus they travel up:**
  • Lower body / limb: fasiculus gracilis - more medial
  • upper body / limb: fasiculus cuneatus - more lateral
25
why does the spinocerebellar tract not have to dessucate in spinal cord? [1]
**cerebellum works ipsolaterlly** - right side controls right side of body (whereas the other spinal tracts dessucate bc the right side controls left side)
26
what are intrafusal and extrafusual motor neurons? [2]
**Extrafusal muscle** **fibers**: comprise the bulk of muscle and form the major force-generating structure. found outside **Intrafusal muscle fiber**s are buried in the muscle, and they contain afferent receptors for stretch, but they also contain contractile elements.
27
how are sensory afferents activated via muscle spindle? [1] The main sensory nerve fibre from the muscle spindle is called WHAT? [1]
how are sensory afferents activated via muscle spindle? [1] **Stretch of the muscle also stretches the muscle spindle and activates the muscle spindle sensory afferents.** The main sensory nerve fibre from the muscle spindle is called a **Ia afferent** [1]
28
what is the name for receptor that mediates muscle tendon reflexes? [1] what is basic structure? ^ [1] what is inside them? [1]
what is the name for receptor that mediates muscle tendon reflexes? [1] **muscle spindle or proprioceptor** what is basic structure? ^ [1] **stretch receptor inside a CT sheath inside = special muscle fibres called intrafusal muscle fibres**
29
what is the name for receptor that mediates muscle tendon reflexes? [1] what is basic structure? ^ [1] what is inside them? [1]
what is the name for receptor that mediates muscle tendon reflexes? [1] **muscle spindle or proprioceptor** what is basic structure? ^ [1] **stretch receptor inside a CT sheath** inside = special muscle fibres called **intrafusal** muscle fibres
30
what is the difference between AP of stretched and unstretched muscles? [1] what is the name for this? ^ [1]
what is the difference between AP of stretched and unstretched muscles? [1] **unstretched muscles are still firing AP. even though theyre at rest. However, stretched muscles increase their rate of AP firing** what is the name for this? ^ [1] **muscle length detectors**
31
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2] what do they react to? [2]
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2] **- a motor neuron:** innervate force-generating _extrafusal_ muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions **- y (gamma) motor neuron:** stimulates contraction of the _intrafusal_ fibres and prestretches their centers. keeps the sensitivity of muscle spindles; contraction of the infrafusal muscle fibres maintains muscle tension
32
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2] what do they react to? [2]
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2] **- a motor neuron:** innervate force-generating _extrafusal_ muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions **- y (gamma) motor neuron:** stimulates contraction of the _intrafusal_ fibres and prestretches their centers. keeps the sensitivity of muscle spindles; contraction of the infrafusal muscle fibres maintains muscle tension
33
how are gamma and alpha motor neurones activated? [2]
how are gamma and alpha motor neurones activated? [2] _alpha motor neuron_: due to activation of l**a muscle spindle afferent** _gamma motor neuron:_ due to descending input from motor cortex to gamma motor neuron (not reflexively activated by the muscle spindle affernets)
34
describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2] is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1] - which NT does it use what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]
_describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2]_ - disynaptic (interneurone) connection to its own motorneurons _is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1]_ glyinergic inhibitory neurone _what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]_ GTO would switch off muscle by powerful inhib action
35
describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2] is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1] - which NT does it use what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]
_describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2]_ - disynaptic (interneurone) connection to its own motorneurons _is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1]_ glyinergic inhibitory neurone _what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]_ GTO would switch off muscle by powerful inhib action
36
to maintain posture, muscle tone is constantly doing what? [1] why are monosynpatic reflexes particularly active in postural muscles and leg extensory muscles? [1]
to maintain posture, muscle tone is constantly doing what? [1] **muscle tone is constantly finely adjusted by muscle fibres contracting in relays** why are monosynpatic reflexes particularly active in postural muscles and leg extensory muscles? [1] **need for maximum postural stability: faster feedback response the quicker the corrective muscle balance. without = fall over**
37
Suppose you step on a nail. A flexion reflex withdraws you foot from the injury. When this occurs the crossed extensor reflex occurs. what is this [3]
branches of the **afferent nerve fibres** cross from the **stimulated side of the body to the controlateral side of the spinal cord.** causes extensors in the **opposite leg to contract**, to take extra weight of body when you stand on one limb. At the same time, signals t**ravel up the spinal cord** and cause **contraction of the contralateral muscles of the hip and abdomen to shift the body’s** centre of gravity over the extended leg.
38
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] **common tendionous ring** what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] **eyeball** how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1] **eye lies straight on (axis of gaze), but the extraocular muscles attach at an angle (axis of orbit)**
39
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] **common tendionous ring** what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] **eyeball** how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1] **eye lies straight on (axis of gaze), but the extraocular muscles attach at an angle (axis of orbit)**
40
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] **common tendionous ring** what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1] **eyeball** how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1] **eye lies straight on (axis of gaze), but the extraocular muscles attach at an angle (axis of orbit)**
41
give the movements of each of the extraocular muscles _(if they moved in isolation)_ ;) superior rectus inferior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus superior oblique inferior oblique superior / inferior obliques & superior / inferior rectus work together? [2]
give the movements of each of the extraocular muscles _(if they moved in isolation)_;) superior rectus: **elevate and intort** inferior rectus: **depress and extort** medial rectus: **adduct** lateral rectus: **abduct** superior oblique: **depress and intort** inferior oblique: **elevate and extort** superior / inferior obliques & superior / inferior rectus work together? [2] **cancel each other other: e.g. superior rectus (elevate and intort) cancels out the extort of inferior oblique = just elevation**
42
which CN regulates accomodation of lens? optic nerve oculomotor nerve vagus nerve facial nerve trigeminal nerve
which CN regulates accomodation of lens? optic nerve **oculomotor nerve** vagus nerve facial nerve trigeminal nerve
43
what does it look like if you have oculomotor nerve damage, regarding eye movement - why? [2]
_what does it look like if you have oculomotor nerve damage, regarding eye movement - why? [2]_ lateral rectus and superior oblique arent innervated by the oculomotor nerve, so they still work get **depresion and abduction**
44
how do you test to see if trochlea nerve is damaged / trochlea nerve palsy? [1]
when abduct and depress eye (superior oblique is damaged)
45
46
how do you clinically test the superior and inferior rectus? [1] how do you clinically test the superior and inferior olbique? [1] how do you clinically test the medial / lateral rectus? [1]
how do you clinically test the superior and inferior rectus? [1] **abduct the eye** (do this to isolate the muscle so that the eye is aligned with the angle of the muscle pull) how do you clinically test the superior and inferior olbique? [1] **adduct the eye** how do you clinically test the medial / lateral rectus? [1] **abduct / adduct the eye**
47
48
which CN carriers motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? trigeminal nerve facial nerve vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve
which CN carriers motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? **trigeminal nerve** facial nerve vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve
49
which CN carriers sensory innervation to the face? trigeminal nerve facial nerve vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve
which CN carriers sensory innervation to the face? **trigeminal nerve** facial nerve vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve
50
what is the cavernous sinus? [1] which structures do you find in it? [
what is the cavernous sinus? [1] **venous space** which structures do you find in it? [5] **internal carotid artery** **CN III (oculomotor) CN IV V1 V2 VI (abducent)**

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