(P) Lec 2: Microbial Control Flashcards by Kchianna Lauren Coronel

The agent that kills the microorganism

Bactericidal

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Community of bacteria

Biofilm

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Are chemical agents applied to inanimate objects

Disinfectant

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A substance applied to the skin for the purpose of eliminating
or reducing the number of bacteria present

Antiseptic

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T or F: Antiseptic kills spores.

F (they don’t)

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Also known as sodium hypochlorite

Bleach

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Ratio when cleaning surfaces with sodium hypochlorite

1:5 or 1:10

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List the types of organisms from most resistant to least resistant.

Prions
Bacterial spores
Mycobacteria
Nonlipid viruses
Fungi
Bacteria
Lipid viruses

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List the types of organisms from least resistant to most resistant.

Lipid viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Nonlipid viruses
Mycobacteria
Bacterial spores
Prions

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Have coats rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates as well as cores rich in dipicolinic acid and calcium

Bacterial endospores

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What makes up the protection of the spores?

Coats rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Cores rich in dipicolinic acid and calcium

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Are rich in lipids, which may account
for their resistance to chemical and
environmental stresses, particularly
desiccation

Cell walls of mycobacteria

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Containing lipid-rich envelopes are
more susceptible to the effects of
detergents and wetting agents

Viruses

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Microorganisms living together in
communities

Biofilms

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Also provide protection to the
microorganisms against chemical and
physical means of destruction

Biofilms

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The organisms known today to be the
most resistant to the actions of heat,
chemicals, and radiation

Prions

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Known as naked (put clothes on) pieces of protein

Prions

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Are thought to be the agents that
cause a number of degenerative
diseases of the nervous system

Prions

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These agents are transmitted to
humans through contaminated
medicinal products, therapeutic
devices, body fluids, and food
products

Prions

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Prions are transmitted to humans through:

Contaminated medicinal products
Therapeutic devices
Body fluids
Food products

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What are the two methods of disinfection and sterilization?

Physical and chemical methods

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Physical Methods

Most common method used for the elimination of microorganisms

Heat

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Physical Methods

Heat can be used in the following ways:

Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure
Autoclaving
Dry Heat
Boiling (100°C)
Pasteuraztion

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Different Ways to Use Heat

The agent used in autoclaves

Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure

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# Different Ways to Use Heat Putting steam under 1 atm of pressure, or 15 psi, achieves a temperature of 121° C.

Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure

# Different Ways to Use Heat Putting steam under ____ atm of pressure, or ____ psi, achieves a temperature of ____° C

1 atm of pressire 15 psi 121°C

# Different Ways of Using Heat Heat in water is transferred more readily to a cool body than heat in air

Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure

# Different Ways of Using Heat The sterilization method of choice for heat-stable objects

Moist Heat

# Different Ways of Using Heat The most effective method of moist heat sterilization

Autoclaving

# Different Ways of Using Heat T or F: Autoclaves can destroy the sporeformers

# Different Ways of Using Heat May also be used as a sterilizing agent

Dry Heat

# Different Ways of Using Heat Requires much longer exposure times and higher temperatures

Dry Heat

# Different Ways of Using Heat Are methods that achieve disinfection but not sterilization

Boiling and Pasteurization

# Different Ways of Using Heat T or F: Boiling and pasteurization are able to eliminate spores

F (they do not)

# Different Ways of Using Heat Kills most microorganisms in approximately 10 minutes

Boiling

# Different Ways of Using Heat Used mostly in the food industry

Pasteurization

# Different Ways of Using Heat Reduces food-borne pathogens and organisms responsible for food spoilage

Pasteurization

# Different Ways of Using Heat It is generally performed at 72° C (161° F) for 15 seconds

Flash Pasteurization

# Different Ways of Using Heat **The Main Advantage:** Treatment at this temperature reduces spoilage of food without affecting its taste

Pasteurization

# Give the temperature, time duration, and application Dry Heat

**Temperature:** 160 - 180°C **Time:** 1.5 - 3 hours **Application/s:** Sterilizes

# Give the temperature, time duration, and application Moist Heat

**Temperature:** 121.6°C **Time:** 15 minutes at 15 psi **Application/s:** Sterilizes, Kills Spores

# Give the temperature, time duration, and application Boiling

**Temperature:** 100°C **Time:** 15 mins **Application/s:** Vegetative Forms, Endospores survive

# Give the temperature, time duration, and application Batch Pasteurization

**Temperature:** 63°C **Time:** 30 mins **Application/s:** Vegetative Forms, Milkborne pathogens, Endospores survive

# Give the temperature, time duration, and application Flash Pasteurization

**Temperature:** 72°C **Time:** 15 secs **Application/s:** Vegetative Forms, Milkborne pathogens, Endospores survive

What are the other ways heat is utilized in sterilization and disinfection?

**Hot Air Oven**: 170°C for 2 hours **Incineration:** 300 to 400°C *(Infectious Waste)* **Cremation:** Control of communicable diseases **Flaming:** Inoculating needles

# Physical Methods May be used with both liquid and air

Filtration

# Physical Methods The liquid is pulled (vacuum) or pushed (pressure) through the filter matrix

Filtration

# Physical Methods Most common application of filtration

The sterilization of heat-sensitive solutions *(parenteral solutions, vaccines, and antibiotic solutions)*

# Physical Methods: Filtration Uses vacuum for parental/antibiotic solutions, toxic chemical and vaccines

Plastic Polymers or Cellulose Esters (0.22um)

# Physical Methods: Filtration For isolation rooms and BSC

HEPA Filters

# Physical Methods: Filtration Removes microorganisms larger than 0.3um

HEPA Filters

# Physical Methods May be used in two forms (ionizing and non-ionizing)

Radiation

# Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation In the form of x-rays, gamma rays and electron beams

Ionizing Radiation

# Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation Short wavelength and high energy

Ionizing Radiation

# Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation Used by the medical field for the sterilization of disposable supplies such as syringes, catheters, and gloves

Ionizing Radiation

# Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation In the form of ultraviolet rays is of long wavelength and low energy

Non-ionizing Radiation

# Ionizing Radiation or Non-ionizing Radiation It damages deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by forming thymine and cytosine dimers

Non-ionizing Radiation

# Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation Can be used to disinfect surfaces

Non-ionizing Radiation

# Actions of Microbial Control Agents Due to its lipid and CHON components

Alteration of Membrane Permeability

# Actions of Microbial Control Agents Interferes with DNA and RNA replication and protein synthesis

Damage to Protein and Nucleic Acids

# Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection Please study the table, I can't do this anymore <3

Basta yung table, please. I love you mwa.

# Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection Are materials that invade sterile tissues or enter the vascular system

Critical Devices

# Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection These materials are most likely to produce infection if contaminated, and they require sterilization

Critical Devices

# Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection Before semi critical materials come into contact with mucous membranes, they require high-level disinfection agents

Semi-critical Devices

# Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection Require intermediate-level to low-level disinfection before contact with intact skin

Non-critical Devices

# Chemical Methods Please study the table din ulit hehe.

Thank you, mi lav mwa. Take a break and drink water. <3

# Chemical Methods: Aldehydes Generally used as formalin, a 37% aqueous solution, or formaldehyde gas

Formaldehyde (6-8%)

# Chemical Methods: Aldehydes Often used to disinfectant biosafety hoods and should be left to professionals

Formaldehyde (6-8%)

# Chemical Methods: Aldehydes Formaldehyde can be used as a?

Chemo sterilizer

# Chemical Methods: Aldehydes What limits the usefulness of formalin?

Limited by its irritability factor and its potential carcinogenicity

# Chemical Methods: Aldehydes A saturated five-carbon dialdehyde that has broad- spectrum activity and rapid killing action and remains active in the presence of organic matter

Glutaraldehyde (2%)

# Chemical Methods: Aldehydes Extremely susceptible to pH changes and is active only in an alkaline environment

Glutaraldehyde

# Chemical Methods: Aldehydes What causes the killing activity of glutaraldehyde?

Inactivation of DNA and RNA through alkylation of sulfhydryl and amino groups

# Chemical Methods: Gases Most commonly used for sterilization

Ethylene Oxide

# Chemical Methods: Gases Because it is ____ in its pure form, it is mixed with nitrogen or carbon dioxide before use

Explosive

# Chemical Methods: Gases What factors determine the effectiveness of gas sterilization?

1. Temperature 2. Time 3. Relative Humidity

# Chemical Methods: Gases Primarily used as a sterilant in the pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing industries

Hydrogen Peroxide

# Chemical Methods: Gases Active against all vegetative microorganisms, bacterial endospores, and fungal spores

Hydrogen Peroxide | Both Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid

# Chemical Methods: Gases Used in a gaseous form as a sterilant primarily in the pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing industries

Peracetic Acid

# Chemical Methods: Alcohols What are the two most effective alcohols used in hospitals and disinfection?

Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol

# Chemical Methods: Alcohols Excellent in vitro bactericidal activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Alcohol

# Chemical Methods: Alcohols Also kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis various fungi, and inactivate certain enveloped viruses but are not sporicidal and have poor activity against nonenveloped viruses

Alcohols | They may actually be contaminated with spores.

# Chemical Methods: Alcohols Used principally as antiseptics and disinfectants

Alcohols

# Chemical Methods: Halogens Can be used as a disinfectant in one of two forms: tincture or iodophor

Iodophors (Iodine)

# Chemical Methods: Heavy Metals Rarely used in clinical applications; they have been replaced by safer and more effective compounds

Heavy Metals

# Chemical Methods: Heavy Metals Had been used as a prophylactic treatment to prevent gonococcal (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) conjunctivitis in newborns

Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) | Not used anymore because toxic siya like you. <3

# Chemical Methods: Phenolics Molecules of phenol (carbolic acid)

Phenolics

# Chemical Methods:Phenolics Mechanism of Inactivation?

Disruption of cell walls, resulting in precipitation of proteins | At lower concentrations, phenolics are able to disrupt enzyme systems.

# Chemical Methods: Phenolics Main Use?

In the disinfection of hospital, institutional, and household environments

# Chemical Methods: Phenolics Commonly found in germicidal soaps

Phenolics

Study the Universal/Standard Precautions for Healthy Handwashing and Blood & Body Fluid Safety

Go, bestie <3

Give examples of work practice controls.

* No mouth pipetting * No eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics * Disinfection of workstations * Frequent handwashing * Disposal of needles to puncture resistant container * No recapping /breaking of contaminated needles * Minimize splashing or generation of aerosols

Study the sequence for donning and doffing your PPE.

TEH SIMULA FIRST YEAR PA YAN MUST I TELL YOU EVERYTHING HAHAHA JOKE | On: gown, mask, goggles, gloves Off: gown & gloves, goggles, mask

# Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology Routes of Infection

* Mucous Membrane Contact * Conjunctiva and Nose

# Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology Airborne

* Inhalation of aerosols produced during centrifugation or vortexing of unstoppered tubes

# Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology Ingestion

* Putting fingers or pens in the mouth and mouth pipetting * Sal and Shig (S, S)

# Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology Direct Inoculation

* Needle prick, broken glass, or through scratches on the fingers * HBV, HCV, HDV and HIV

# Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology A comprehensive of the likelihood of an incident and the severity of the harm (consequences) if that incident were to occur

Risk

# Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology A systematic process of gathering information and evaluating the likelihood and consequences of exposure to or release of workplace hazard’s and determining the appropriate risk control measure to reduce the risk to an acceptable risk

Risk Assessment

# Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease

Risk Group 1 | No or Low Individual and Community Risk

# Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock, or the environment

Risk Group 2 | Moderate Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

# Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread or infection is limited

Risk Group 2 | Moderate Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

# Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.

Risk Group 3 | High Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

# Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.

Risk Group 4 | High Individual and Community Risk

# Guidelines for Safe Work Practices Give the 5 guidelines

* Identify the hazards associated with an infectious agent/material. * ID the activities that might cause exposures to the agent/material. * Consider the competencies and experience of laboratory personnel. * Evaluate and prioritize risks (evaluate the likelihood that an exposure would cause LAI and the severity of consequences if such an infection occurs). * Develop, implement and evaluate controls to minimize the risk for exposure.

# Strategies for Risk Reduction * Use an inactivated biological agent. * Use a harmless surrogate.

Elimination

# Strategies for Risk Reduction * Substitute with an attenuated or less infectious biological agent. * Reduce the volume/titer being used. * Change the procedure for one that is less hazardous (such as PCR than culture).

Reduction and Substitution

# Strategies for Risk Reduction * Using a primary containment device.

Isolation

# Strategies for Risk Reduction * Use engineering controls (BSCs), PPE * Vaccinate personnel

Protection

# Strategies for Risk Reduction * GMPP observed by personnel * Good communication of hazards, risk and risk control measure * Appropriate training * Clear SOPs * Establish safety culture

Compliance

The application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratorian's risk of exposure to a potentially infectious microbe and limit contamination of the work environment and, ultimately, the community

Biosafety

Each level has specific controls for containment of microbes and biological agents

Biosafety Levels

The primary risks that determine the levels of containment are the following:

* Infectivity * Severity of disease * Transmissibility * The nature of the work conducted

# Biosafety Levels For handling organisms not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans

BSL 1

# Biosafety Levels **Examples**: B. subtulis, Naegleria gruberi and M. gordonae

BSL 1

# Biosafety Levels Work done open bench tops and with adherence to standard precautions

BSL 1

# Biosafety Levels Limited access, biohazard warning signs, decontamination of infectious waste (Autoclave)

BSL 1

# Biosafety Levels For handling common or likely encountered pathogens in a routine clinical laboratory

BSL 2

# Biosafety Levels **Examples:** HBV, HIV, Staphylococcus and Enteric Pathogens, B. anthracis and Y. pestis

BSL 2

# Biosafety Levels Use partial containment equipment (BSC I & BSC II)

BSL 2

# Biosafety Levels Trained personnel, biosafety manual, safety precaution with sharps

BSL 2

# Biosafety Levels For suspected of uncommon viruses and organisms that can be transmitted, by aerosols (M. tb and systemic fungi)

BSL 3

# Biosafety Levels Examples:**** Francisella tularensis and Brucella spp.

BSL 3

# Biosafety Levels Adhere to standard precautions, partial containment equipment-controlled access

BSL 3

# Biosafety Levels Ducted air ventilation and special laboratory clothing with personal respirator

BSL 3

# Biosafety Levels Research facilities handling exotic viruses

BSL 4

# Biosafety Levels **Examples:** Filovirus, Arenavirus, and potential bioterrorist agents, Smallpox

BSL 4

# Biosafety Levels Personnel and all materials are decontaminated before leaving the facility

BSL 4

# Biosafety Levels Non-Circulating ventilation system

BSL 4

# Biosafety Levels Maximum containment (separate room for changing street clothing with laboratory clothing) and use of class II or III BSCs

BSL 4

Containment barrier that protects the worker from aerosolized transmission of organism

Biologic Safety Cabinets

Air is sterilized by heat, UV and/or HEPA filter

Biologic Safety Cabinets

# Biologic Safety Cabinets For room air pass into the cabinet sterilizing only the air to be exhausted

BSC Class I

# Biologic Safety Cabinets Uses exhaust fan to move air inward through the open front

BSC Class I

# Biologic Safety Cabinets Air is circulated within the hood passing through HEPA filter before coming outside the hood

BSC Class I

# Biologic Safety Cabinets Sterilize air that flows over the infectious materials and also the air to be exhausted

BSC Class II

# Biologic Safety Cabinets 70% of the air is recirculated

BSC Class II-A

# Biologic Safety Cabinets Discharges exhaust air outside of the facility and are used for manipulating radioisotopes, toxic chemicals or carcinogens

BSC Class II-B

# Biologic Safety Cabinets Sterilizes the air coming in and out of the cabinet

BSC Class III

# Biologic Safety Cabinet Enclosed cabinet with attached gloves

BSC Class III