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MR R's A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) > P1 ATTACHMENT > Flashcards

P1 ATTACHMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Who found interactional synchrony in babies as young as 2 weeks old?

A

Meltzoff & Moore (1977)

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2
Q

The temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviours between 2 people’ is better known as……?

A

Interactional synchrony

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3
Q

Who found that mothers pick up on their babies ‘alert phases’ about 2 thirds of the time?

A

Feldman & Eidelmann (2007)

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4
Q

When one person elicits a response from another is known as ….?

A

Reciprocity

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5
Q

Babies are passive? True or false?

A

False. Brazelton (1975) described mum and babies interactions as ‘like a dance’. Babies play an active role in communication

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6
Q

Why is it difficult to study babies behaviours?

A

Difficult to interpret intentions = we can’t ask them!

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7
Q

What did Isabella (1989) find out about interactional synchrony?

A

High levels of synchrony was associated with better quality mum-baby attachments

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8
Q

Why are filmed observations a strength of research into caregiver-infant interactions?

A

+ Can do covertly = babies don’t change behaviour
+ Can use multiple observers = establish inter-rater reliability

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9
Q

What are Schaffer’s 4 stages of attachement?

A

Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple

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10
Q

At what age does a baby normally display attachment to one person?

A

Around 7-8 months

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11
Q

In what % of cases is mum the primary attachment figure?

A

65%

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12
Q

At what age has the majority of babies formed multiple attachment according to Schaffer & Emerson

A

1 year

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13
Q

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) studied ……?

A

60 Glasgow babies in a naturalistic observation

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14
Q

What did Schaffer & Emerson (1964) find was the role of the father?

A

Play

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15
Q

At what age did Schaffer & Emerson (1964) find 75% of babies had formed an attachment withj their father’s?

A

18 months

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16
Q

According to Schaffer & Emerson (1964) what % of babies….
1. Had dad as a primary attachment figure?
2. Had dad as a joint first attachment figure?

A
  1. 3%
  2. 27%
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17
Q

According to Grossman (2002) how does a dad’s interaction with a baby effect it in adolescence?

A

Quality of play as a baby related to quality of adolescent attachments

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18
Q

What did Tiffany Field (1978) discover about dad’s?

A

Dad’s who are primary caregivers use reciprocity & interactional synchrony more than other dads = they can do it!!

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19
Q

Why has research into the role of the father got RWA?

A

Can be used to offer advice to parents….
eg 1. Dad’s can be primary caregiver
eg 2. Not having a dad does not affect a child’s development

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20
Q

Who discovered imprinting?

A

Lorenz (1952)

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21
Q

What ‘CC’ did Harlow discover?

A

Contact comfort

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22
Q

How long is a monkey’s critical period for attachment, according to Harlow?

A

90 days

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23
Q

How did maternal deprivation affect Harlow’s monkeys in adulthood?

A

More aggressive;
Less sociable;
Lack of reproductive skills;
Neglectful parents - some even killed their young

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24
Q

What researcher am I?
+ Real world value in social care and zoo’s
- Ethical issues
- Generalisability

A

Harlow

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25
Q

According to learning theory, what are the 2 ways we learn to attach to our caregiver?

A

Classical & Operant conditioning

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26
Q

Why does feeding a crying baby ‘negatively reinforce’ the parent?

A

It stops the crying

27
Q

If attachment is a secondary drive, what is the babies primary drive?

A

Hunger

28
Q

Bowlby’s ………………………. theory

A

Monotropic

29
Q

Innate cute behaviours that encourage social interactions = ?

A

Social releasers

30
Q

Bowlby’s critical period is at what age?

A

Critical at 6 months and sensitive up to 2 years

31
Q

What is the internal working model?

A

Bowlby’s idea that a child develops a schema for their relationship with the PAF. It shapes future relationships

32
Q

4 ways Ainsworth assessed attachement in her observation study?

A

Exploration & secure base behaviour
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Reunion behaviour

33
Q

3 types of attachment according to Ainsworth?

A
  1. Secure (B)
  2. Insecure-resistant (C)
  3. Insecure-avoidant (A)
34
Q

What % of British babies are classed as securely attached?

A

60-75%

35
Q

The least common attachment type in the UK?

A

Insecure-resistant = 3%

36
Q

Which topic am I?
- May be a 4th category?
+ Can predict future achievement/mental health outcomes?
- Culturally relative methodology
+ Good inter-rater reliability

A

Ainsworth’s strange situation

37
Q

What is the 4th attachment category according to Main & Solomon (1986)

A

Type D = Disorganised = mix of resistant & avoidant

38
Q

Who conducted research into cultural variations of attachment?

A

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)

39
Q

VI & K did a meta-analysis of 32 studies…..
1. from how many countries?
2. Using how many children?

A
  1. 8 different countries
  2. 1990 children
40
Q

Name at least 2 findings from the VI & K study on cultural variations?

A

= secure attachment most common in all
= IA (type C) individualist cultures results similar to Ainsworth (14%)
= IA (type C) higher in collectivist cultures (above 25%)
= greater variation within CULTURES than BETWEEN

41
Q

Whose modern Italian study suggests attachment types are changing?

A

Simonella (2014)

42
Q

What rates of the following did Simnoella (2014) find?
1. secure
2. insecure-avoidant

A
  1. 50%
  2. 36%
43
Q

Why did Simonella suggest there was an increase in insecure-avoidant children in her 2014 study?

A

Increase in working mums = long hours and increased childcare

44
Q

What topic am I?
- Imposed etic
+ Used indigenous researchers
- Some research affected by researcher bias
- Confounding variables between studies

A

Cultural variations

45
Q

What’s the difference between separation and deprivation?

A

Deprivation is when the child is not just physically separated but is deprived of EMOTIONAL CARE

46
Q

What did Bowlby say was the effects of maternal deprivation in the critical period was on:
1. intellectual development
2. emotional development

A
  1. Abnormally low IQ
  2. Affectionless psychopathy
47
Q

What is affectionless psychopathy?

A

An inability to experience guilt or strong emotions towards others. Prevents fulfilling relationships and associated with criminality (lack remorse)

48
Q

Which study demonstrates the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation?

A

Bowlby’s 44 thieves study

49
Q

44 thieves study……
1. Who was interviewed?
2. How many were affectionless psychopaths?
3. How many of these had experienced separation in childhood?

A
  1. The teenagers and their families
  2. 14 of the 44
  3. 12 of the 14
50
Q

Why is Bowlby’s evidence for the 44 thieves study considered to be flawed?

A

Bias = he did the interviews and AP assessments himself - he knew who has been separated before!!

51
Q

Which Czech case study can be used to criticise Bowlby’s critical period?

A

The Koluchova (1976) Czech twins

52
Q

Who conducted the ERA study?

A

Rutter (2011)

53
Q

What does ERA stand for?

A

English & Romanian Adoptee study

54
Q

What attachment style did Rutter find in children adopted after 6 months?

A

Disinhibited attachment

55
Q

What did the ERA study assess?

A

Physical, cognitive and emotional development at ages 4, 6, 11, 15, and 22-25 yrs

56
Q

In the ERA study what was the mean IQ’s at age 11 for:
1. those adopted before 6 months
2. those adopted after 6 months but before 2 years
3 those adopted after 2 years

A
  1. 102
  2. 86
  3. 77
57
Q

What was the name of the study Zeanah (2005) conducted?

A

Bucharest early intervention project

58
Q

Zeanah compared 95 Romanian orphans with who?

A

50 Romanian children who had never lived in an institution

59
Q

What did Zeanah find in his BEI study?

Control vs institutional groups

  1. % of those securely attached?
  2. % with disinhibited attachment?
A
  1. 74% control vs 19% inst
  2. under 20% control vs 44% inst
60
Q

What topic am I?
- Lack of adult data
+ RWA
+/- socially sensitive research
- confounding variables = horrible conditions

A

Institutionalisation

61
Q

What 2 types of adult relationships are affected by a child’s internal working model?

A

Romantic & Parental (with own children)

62
Q

Which classic study shows the association between attachment and adult relationships?

A

Hazan & Shaver’s Love Quiz

63
Q

What did Bailey et al (2007) find out baby-mother-grandmother attachments?

A

Majority of women had the same attachment type to their babies as with their own mothers

MR R's A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) (11 decks)

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