P1 MEMORY

Question 1

Who found that the capacity of STM is 7 +/- 2?

Answer 1

Miller

Question 2

Baddeley (1966) found that participants mixed up words that were …….?

Answer 2

Acoustically similar

Question 3

Who found the duration of STM was 18-30 secs

Answer 3

Peterson & Peterson

Question 4

Whose yearbook study showed LTM can last up to a lifetime?

Answer 4

Bahrick (1975)

Question 5

Whose study used nonsense trigrams? Eg. TCG

Answer 5

Peterson & Peterson

Question 6

The MSM splits memory into which stores?

Answer 6

Sensory; STM and LTM

Question 7

How does the MSM say info is moved from sensory memory to STM?

Answer 7

Attention

Question 8

How does the MSM say info is moved from STM to LTM

Answer 8

Rehearsal (elaborative or prolonged)

Question 9

Which case study supports the MSM having separate stores of STM and LTM?

Answer 9

Clive Wearing

Question 10

How is Clive Wearing used as a weakness of both the MSM and WMM?

Answer 10

Shows LTM must be more than one store

Question 11

What is the capacity; encoding and duration of sensory memory in the MSM?

Answer 11

C = High capacity
E = Multi-sensory
D = Less than half a second

Question 12

What am i?
+ Brain scans
+/- Clive Wearing
+ Murdocks SPE

Answer 12

MSM

Question 13

3 types of LTM?

Answer 13

Episodic; Semantic; Procedural

Question 14

Which type of LTM is time-stamped?

Answer 14

Episodic

Question 15

What are the 4 parts of the WMM?

Answer 15

Central executive
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
phonological loop

Question 16

What am I?
- slave system
- processes auditory info
- limited capacity/storage

Answer 16

Phonological loop

Question 17

The 2 parts of the VSS?

Answer 17

• Visual cache
• Inner scribe

Question 18

The 2 parts of the phonological loop?

Answer 18

• phonological store
• articulatory control process

Question 19

Which ‘motorcycle’ case study supports the WMM?

Answer 19

KF

Question 20

Which part of the WMM is multi-sensory and co-ordinates the activities of the other 3 systems?

Answer 20

Central executive

Question 21

Baddeley’s (1975) D………. T………… studies support the WMM?

Answer 21

Dual Task

Question 22

The 2 forms of interference are called?

Answer 22

Proactive and retroactive

Question 23

Who studies the effects of similarity on interference effects?

Answer 23

McGeogh & McDonald (1931)

Question 24

What is encoding specificity principle?

Answer 24

Cue must be present at learning and recall for effective memory

Question 25

Who studied context-dependent (external) forgetting?

Answer 25

Godden & Baddeley (1975) deep sea diver study

Question 26

Who studied state-dependent (internal) forgetting?

Answer 26

Carter & Cassaday ‘anti-histamine’ study (1998)

Question 27

Who conducted the ‘car crash’ studies?

Answer 27

Loftus & Palmer (1974)

Question 28

How do the Loftus & Palmer studies show leading questions affect EWT?
- study 1 = ????
- study 2 = ????

Answer 28

1. Response-bias
2. Substitution explanation

Question 29

What does PED stand for and who studied it?

Answer 29

Post event discussion (Fiona Gabbert, 2003)

Question 30

Which topic am I?
+ RWA = changed police questioning
- Used artificial tasks = eg. videos
- Lacked real world consequences

Answer 30

EWT: Misleading information topic

Question 31

Whose study supports the weapon focus effect?

Answer 31

Johnson & Scott (1976)

Question 32

What were the 2 groups in Johnson & Scott’s study?

Answer 32

1. pen and grease = low anxiety
2. blood and knife (and breaking glass) = high anxiety

Question 33

Which study am I?
49% vs 33% recognition from 50 photos

Answer 33

Results from Johnson & Scott (1976)

Question 34

The weapon focus effect is explained by which theory?

Answer 34

Tunnel theory

Question 35

Who conducted a study of a real-life shooting in a Canada gun shop?

Answer 35

Yuille & Cutshall (1986)

Question 36

Who did Yuille and Cutshall find had the best EWT?

Answer 36

Those with the highest levels of stress (88% accurate vs 75%)

Question 37

Deffenbacher (1983) suggests which law best explains the effects of anxiety on EWT?

Answer 37

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 38

Pickel (1998) used scissors; handgun, a wallet and a chicken in what type of business?

Answer 38

Hairdressing salon

Question 39

Pickel’s ‘raw chicken’ study shows ‘s……………..’ causes the weapon focus effect not anxiety

Answer 39

Surprise

Question 40

Which topic am I?
- Pickel (1998)
- Ethical issues & lack of control in field experiments
- Demand characteristics in lab studies

Answer 40

Anxiety effects on EWT

Question 41

The 4 steps in the Cognitive Interview?

Answer 41

1. Report everything (free recall)
2. Reinstate the context
3. Change the order
4. Change the perspective

Question 42

Name 2 limitations of the CI

Answer 42

• Time consuming and costly
• Requires special training

Question 43

Whose study shows that using a combination of stage 1 and 2 of the CI was most effective?

Answer 43

Milne & Bull (2002)

Question 44

Why is it a problem comparing the CI in different police forces?

Answer 44

They all use different variations of the CI

Question 45

What are the 9 memory topics?

Answer 45

1. Nature of memory
2. MSM
3. Types of LTM
4. WMM
5. Forgetting: Interference
6. Forgetting: retrieval failure
7. EWT: Misleading info
8. EWT: Anxiety
9. EWT: Cognitive interview