P1 PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

functions of the skeletal muscles

Answer 1

• production of heat
• Stabilising body’s posture
• movements

Question 2

the process of activation of the skeletal muscles cross bridge cycle is known as

Answer 2

excitation- contraction coupling

Question 3

Calcium channel receptor formed by scaropalsmic reticulum protein

Answer 3

ryanodine

Question 4

type of muscle contraction

Answer 4

• isometric
• isotonic

Question 5

Type of Muscle Contraction in which the muscle does not change in length

Answer 5

isometric

Question 6

Importance of isometric contraction

Answer 6

• Maintaining posture
• Supporting objects in a fixed place

Question 7

Type of Muscle Contraction in which the muscle does change in length

Answer 7

Isotonic

Question 8

Importance of isotonic contraction

Answer 8

Body movements
Moving external objects

Question 9

2 subtypes of isotonic contraction

Answer 9

Concentric & eccentric

Question 10

which sub type if isotonic is used for balance of body

Answer 10

Eccentric

Question 11

subtype of isotonic in which the muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater

Answer 11

Eccentric

Question 12

subtype of isotonic in which the muscle shortens

Answer 12

concentric

Question 13

give example of a concentric muscle

Answer 13

biceps brachii

Question 14

Importance of muscle tone

Answer 14

• stability of joint
• maintain posture

Question 15

name the phase during which excitation and contraction are being coupled but contraction has yet to occur.

Answer 15

latent phase

Question 16

name this contraction / twitch & its importance

Answer 16

Soleus muscle: slow contraction for continual, long-term support of the body against gravity

Question 17

An α motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers it innervates is known as

Answer 17

motor unit

Question 18

small muscle neurons are seen in

Answer 18

extraocular muscles
fingers

Question 19

large MNs are seen in

Answer 19

thighs & back muscles

Question 20

mention 2 factors that enables the muscle to accomplish gradation

Answer 20

1-The frequency of action potentials (nerve impulses)
2- the number of motor neurons transmitting the action potentials

Question 21

very rapid sequence of stimuli: no relaxation is known as

Answer 21

Tetanus

Question 22

tension required to extend a resting muscle is known as

Answer 22

passive tension

Question 23

in the load- velocity relationship ,
as the load increases it will result in

Answer 23

1- longer latent period
2- shorter duration of twitch
3- shorter distance of shortening
4- slower velocity of shortening

Question 24

Direct phosphorylation pathway is for what activities

Answer 24

short bursts of high intensity activities

Question 25

in Direct phosphorylation pathway the phosphate donor is

Answer 25

creatine phosphate

Question 26

Direct phosphorylation produces how many ATPs

Answer 26

1 ATP / CP

Question 27

Anaerobic pathway is for what activities

Answer 27

high intensity short-duration exercises

Question 28

energy source in Anaerobic pathway

Answer 28

Glucose

Question 29

Products of Anaerobic pathway

Answer 29

2 ATPs / glucose & lactic acid

Question 30

Disadvantages of Anaerobic pathway

Answer 30

less ATP & leads to lactic acidosis

Question 31

which pathway is a very slow one but produces the highest amounts of ATP

Answer 31

aerobic pathway

Question 32

how many ATPs are produced in aerobic pathway

Answer 32

32 ATPs

Question 33

the 2 main differences between the types of muscle fibres

Answer 33

1- speed of contraction 2- ATP synthesising ability

Question 34

mention the 3 types of muscle fibres

Answer 34

- slow oxidative - fast oxidative - fast glycolytic

Question 35

Oxidative fibers Uses which pathways

Answer 35

Aerobic pathway

Question 36

- fast glycolytic uses which pathway

Answer 36

Anaerobic pathway

Question 37

name the principle that explains MU recruitment

Answer 37

Henneman's size principle

Question 38

what type of muscle fibers are first stimulated

Answer 38

slow oxidative

Question 39

what type of muscle fibers are stimulated after slow oxidative fibers in case of additional tension

Answer 39

fast oxidative fibers

Question 40

what type of muscle fibers are finally stimulated

Answer 40

fast glycolytic fibers

Question 41

Changes in muscle fiber diameter is seen in

Answer 41

Weight lifting exercises Anaerobic short duration high intensity exercises

Question 42

Changes in ATP-synthesizing capacity is seen in

Answer 42

aerobic exercises

Question 43

in weightlifting as an example , the 2 muscle changes are

Answer 43

1- increase in muscle size . Hypertrophy 2- increase in number of muscle fibers / hyperplasia

Question 44

a decline in the ability of the muscle to sustain the strength of contraction is known as

Answer 44

Muscle fatigue

Question 45

mention at least 3 causes of muscle fatigue

Answer 45

1- rapid build-up of lactic acid 2- Decrease in oxygen supply 3- Decrease in energy supply 4-Conduction failure 5-Buildup of ADP and Pi 6- Decreased neurotransmitter at the synapse 7- Psychological factors