P2 Research Methodology

Question 1

4 functions of psychology research

Answer 1

Describe, explain, predict, Control

Question 2

Characteristics of good research

Answer 2

Systematic
Empirical
Verifiable (Same sample)
Logical
Replicable (Across cultures)

Question 3

Types of validity

Answer 3

Internal validity: controlling for all other variables, to ensure that DV is outcome of IV

External validity: Ecology/ environmental validity ensured using representative sample which increases the extent of generalisability

Question 4

reasoning of qualitative and quantitative

Answer 4

Quali- inductive
Quanti- Hypothetico deductive model

Question 5

Types of observational studies

individual level

Answer 5

Controlled- planting a confederate
Natural- observing without introducing external factors

Question 5

Types of experimental studies

Answer 5

Lab and field studies

Question 6

What is correlation? Types of correlation? What determines strength of correlation?

Answer 6

Degree of association between two variables
- positive correlation
- negative correlation
- zero correlation

strength is determined by how close r is to 1 and not by the sign. Sign is indicating direction

Question 7

Steps of Research

Answer 7

1. Formulate a research problem
2. ROL
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Select research design
5. Determining sample size
6. Data collection
7. Outlining procedure
8. Analysis of Data
9. Hypothesis Testing
10. Generalization and Interpretation
11. Report writing

Question 8

Types of variable in experimental research

Answer 8

IV: Manipulated/naturally selected and determines DV, gets treatment, stimulus variable
- artificially discrete nominal variable or categorical data

DV: affected by IV, behavior or response, Interval/ratio in nature

EV: three types: controlled variables
Confounding variables : uncontrolled and acts like IV. (Moderating)
Intervening variables: passively explain IV and DV in discussion section. (Mediating)

Question 9

How do quazi and true experiments differ?

Answer 9

Quazi experiments may have random sampling but not random assignment or randomisation into control or experimental group.

Question 10

Other names of IV, DV and EV

Answer 10

IV- stimulus
DV- behavioral
EV- organisimic (demographics)

Question 11

Characteristics of hypothesis

Answer 11

-Always a statement
-predict doesn’t prove
-Conjecture or tentative
-Testable

Question 12

Types of hypotheses

Answer 12

Null hypothesis (two tailed)
Alternate : directional (one tailed)
non directional (two tailed)
you have to reject null before you test for alternate

Question 13

xy drug has an impact on sleep quality: identify type of hypothesis

Answer 13

Non directional

Question 14

Xy drug improves sleep quality
xy drug adversely impacts sleep quality: identify type

Answer 14

Directional

Question 15

Explain type 1 error

Answer 15

Error of commission, false positive, alpha error
rejecting a null hypothesis when its true. determined by p value. decrease in p value will decrease type 1 error

Question 16

what is power of the test?

Answer 16

1- beta, smaller the beta, better the power
beta of 0.20 or lesser is desirable

Question 16

Explain type 2 error

Answer 16

Error of omission, false negative, beta error null hypothesis was false but deemed true. Increase in sample size decreases type 2 error

Question 17

Who gave normal probability curve?

Answer 17

Gaussian lapace

Question 18

For what kind of variables is NPC more suitable for?

Answer 18

Large amt of randomly distributed data,
Random values rather than skewed values

Question 19

What is the role SD and Z score in NPC?

Answer 19

SD is the fixed interval to map out random data points, Z score locates your data in a standardised way accross the SD zones.
SD in general explains how far away is a data point located from mean.

Question 20

Formula for Z scores

Answer 20

(Obtained data point- mean)/ SD

Question 21

What is the range of Z score in NPC? What is the value of SD and Mean in NPC?

Answer 21

-3 sd to +3 sd
sd:1
mean:0

Question 22

Charecterstics of NPC

Answer 22

Mean=mode=median=0
68% data is present in the middle
28% data is moderately deviated
only 4% is extreme scores

In a population 34.1, 13.6, 2.14

Question 23

if p<0.08 and we manipulated it to p<0.03, what error is this?

Answer 23

Type 1 error

Question 24

Higher the score, _____ the percentile rank

Answer 24

more

Question 25

What does percentile rank indicate?

Answer 25

how many data points is a target score ahead of

Question 26

What are M and SD of T test stenine score sten score

Answer 26

50 10 5 2 5.5 2

Question 27

What is asymptotic nature of NPC

Answer 27

The data is infinite in population's NPC (curve doesn't touch the x axis)

Question 28

What is sum of part=1 in NPC mean?

Answer 28

All data points are included

Question 29

Data of population and data of sample

Answer 29

Parameter and statistic

Question 30

What is probability sampling?

Answer 30

Prediction of who has the opportunity to get recruited and who doesn't is possible Increases external valdiity Good representation of the population

Question 31

Types of probability sampling

Answer 31

1. Simple random or fishbowl (1/N probability in with replacement condition) - without replacement condition leads to decrease in equal opportunity of participation with each person's recruitment -> introduces biases 2. Stratified Sampling- large heterogenous population subgroups are either recruited propotionately and disproportionately to represent all stratas of population (1/k)= probability. Simple random sampling occurs at subgroup level 3. Cluster sampling- large geographically scattered population occurs at multiple stages using simple random sampling 4. Systematic sampling- recruitment of every nth person, small relatively homogenous groups

Question 32

Non probability sampling types

Answer 32

Convinience sampling- based on convinient accessibility and availability of sample Increase sample size to increase reliability and valdiity Quota sampling: stratified with fixed no. of people in each strata recruited conviniently Purposive sampling: People recruited based on experience. Snowball sampling: helps in accessing hidden or hard-to reach large populations

Question 33

Skewness is relevant for what kind of curves? What are its types?

Answer 33

Assymetrical curves indicates where the maximum data is concentrated 1) Positively or right skewed: more extreme scores here, more data in left side, mean>median>mode 2) Negatively or Left skewed: more extreme scores here, more data in right side, mean

Question 34

Types of descriptive statistics

Answer 34

Central measure of tendency Measure of dispersion

Question 34

Kurtosis occurs in which kind of curve? explain types?

Answer 34

symetrical curves 1) leptocurtic: centre and tail heavy, not so spread moderate scores, beta2>3, K<0.263 2) Mesocurtic: Normal probability curve, moderate concentration in centre, Tapered ends , beta2=3, k=0.263 3) Platyukrutic: Less difference between ends and moderate scores, almost flat, beta2<3, k>0.263

Question 35

Arithmetic Mean is affected by

Answer 35

Affected by extreme scores not by sample size, can't be used skewed scores

Question 36

Median

Answer 36

central tendency that doesn't get affected by extreme scores, so can be used in skewed curves

Question 37

Mode formula

Answer 37

3 median -2 mean

Question 38

Geometric mean

Answer 38

used for regression nroot( value1* value 2** value nth)

Question 39

Dispersion

Answer 39

Spread of scores

Question 40

Range

Answer 40

Highest- lowest

Question 41

Quartile deviation

Answer 41

data points in 4 zones, coz q1 and q4 are too extreme interquartile range: q3-q1 Quartile deviation: (q3-q1)/2

Question 42

unit of research in case study

Answer 42

Individual/ group (community, family)