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UNIT 5 GI > P3 BIOCHEMISTRY LAB > Flashcards

P3 BIOCHEMISTRY LAB Flashcards

1
Q

which Enzymes leakage detected in blood tests indicates abnormalities

A

1-aminotransferases
2-alkaline phosphatase
3-gamma glutamyl transpeptidase

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2
Q

Clinical biomarker for haptobilliary excretory function

A

bile pigments ( bilirubin )

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3
Q

Bilirubin is made of

A

breakdown of Haemoglobin

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4
Q

fate of globin in hemeprotein catabolism

A

degraded into free amino acids

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5
Q

old RBCs are degraded by

A

reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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6
Q

RBCs get degraded in the

A

liver & spleen

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7
Q

RBCs get degraded into

A

globins &heme

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8
Q

free heme transporter

A

hemopexin

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9
Q

hemopexin transports free heme to the

A

liver

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10
Q

free haemoglobin binds to

A

hepatoglobin

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11
Q

hepatoglobin will breakdown hemoglobin into

A

heme & globin

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12
Q

sources of heme in hemeprotein catabolism

A

1-myoglobin
2-free haemoglobin
3-old RBCs

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13
Q

heme will be converted to

A

iron (Fe)
Bilirubin

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14
Q

green pigment of heme

A

biliverdin

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15
Q

Enzyme that converts heme into biliverdin

A

heme oxygnase

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16
Q

Yellow pigment of biliverdin

A

Bilirubin

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17
Q

Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin by

A

Biliverdin reductase

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18
Q

Bilirubin will form complex with

A

albumin

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19
Q

in the liver , bilirubin will be conjugated with

A

UDP-glucuronic acid

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20
Q

the reaction of conjugation will yield

A

Bilirubin diglucouronide

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21
Q

the process of conjugation is catalysed by

A

Bilirubin glucouronyl-trnasferase

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22
Q

next location for the conjugated bilirubin form the liver to

A

small intestine

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23
Q

in the intestine , bilirubin will get deconjugated by

A

Bacterial flora of the intestine

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24
Q

deconjugation is done by

A

deconjugation hydrolyse

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25
Q

product of deconjugation is

A

Urobilinogen

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26
Q

90% of urobilinogen will get converted to

A

Stercobilin

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27
Q

10% of urobilinogen will get converted into

A

urobilin

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28
Q

sterocobilin color is

A

deep red-brown

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29
Q

urobilin color is

A

Yellow

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30
Q

stercobilin location

A

large intestine

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31
Q

urobilin location

A

Kidneys

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32
Q

stercobilin will be excreted in

A

feces

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33
Q

Urobilin will be excreted in

A

urine

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34
Q

in intestinal lumen , conjugated gets deconjugated by

A

Bacterial beta - glucuronidase

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35
Q

free bilirubin gets broken down into

A

urobilinogen

36
Q

free bilirubin gets converted into urobilinogen by

A

Bacterial dehydrogenases

37
Q

clinical condition in which the patient’s sclera&skin becomes yellow

A

Jaundice

38
Q

Biochemical findings of high levels of bilirubin

A

hyperbilirubinemia

39
Q

Symptoms of jaundice

A

Yellowing of white sclera
Yellowing of the skin
dark urine

40
Q

Jaundice is seen when levels of bilirubin are

A

more than 51 micro mol/L

41
Q

normal bilirubin levels

A

less than 25 micro mol /L

42
Q

Premature babies bilirubin levels

A

205 to 274

43
Q

types of jaundice

A

1- prehepatic
2- intrahepatic
3- post-hepatic

44
Q

post hepatic jaundice is due to

A

Obstruction of biliary tree

45
Q

types of hyoerbilirubinemia

A

1- conjugated
2- unconjugated

46
Q

unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is due to

A

unbalance between synthesis & catabolism of bilirubin

47
Q

unconjuagated hyperbilirubinemia can cross BBB causing

A

Encephalopathy

48
Q

unconjuagated hyperbilirubinemia occurs in

A

neonatal
hemolytic anemia
Hereditary defects
toxic hyperbilirubinemia

49
Q

Haemolytic anemia is caused by

A

hemoglobinopathies
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Congenital spherocytosis
G6PD deficiency
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Incompatible blood transfusion
Malaria

50
Q

Mention the hereditary defects in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

A

Crigler-najjar syndrome type 1/2
Gilbert syndrome

51
Q

Ingestion of what toxins causes acute liver dysfunction

A

Mushroom poisoning
Chloroform

52
Q

what enzyme is deficient in Crigler najjar syndrome

A

UDP-glucouronyl transferase

53
Q

what enzyme is deficient in Gilbert syndrome

A

Reduced ACTIVITY of UDP-glucouronyl transferase

54
Q

what enzyme is deficient in Dubin johnson syndrome

A

abnormal transport of conjugated bilirubin into biliary system

55
Q

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is due to

A

1-Obstructive / cholestatic jaundice
2-micro obstruction of intrahepatic biliary ducts ( acute hepatitis )
3-Dubin johnson syndrome / chronic idiopathic jaundice
4- rotor syndrome

56
Q

prehepatic jaundice is characterised by

A

Anemia , high levels of indirect bilirubin
Urobilinogen in urine
dark stool
dark urine

57
Q

hepatic jaundice is characterised by

A

Elevated serum transaminases
Elevated levels of both direct & indirect bilirubin
dark urine
Faint stool

58
Q

Obstructive jaundice is characterised by

A

Elevated direct bilirubin & ALP in plasma
dark urine
very faint stool

59
Q

another term for bilirubin encephalopathy

A

Kernicterus

60
Q

dubin johnson syndrome is due to mutation in

A

MRP-2 protein

61
Q

MRP-2 protein is responsible for

A

Transport of conjugated bilirubin from liver to canaliculus

62
Q

Obstruction of biliary drainage seen in post hepatic jaundice is due to

A

Tumors or gallstones

63
Q

color of stool in post hepatic jaundice

A

clay coloured

64
Q

color of urine

A

Amber coloured

65
Q

dark / coca-cola urine is seen in

A

conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

66
Q

iron overload in liver

A

hemochromatosis

67
Q

copper overload in liver

A

wilson disease

68
Q

Enzyme that often parallels ALP levels

A

gamma glutamyl transferase

69
Q

in what case you will see high GGT , normal ALP

A

Alcohol / drugs

70
Q

in what case you will see high ALT . normal GGT

A

Rapid bone growth
bone disease
Pregnancy

71
Q

half life of albumin

A

14-20 days

72
Q

marker for poor nutrition / malnutrition

A

Decreased albumin

73
Q

Important clotting factor synthesised by liver

A

factor 7 / VII

74
Q

half life of factor 7

A

4-6 hours

75
Q

factor 7 /VII depends on which vitamin for activity

A

Vitamin K

76
Q

when prothrombin time is high means

A

liver is not making enough clotting factors
Serous liver damage

77
Q

bile salts are formed from

A

Cholesterol

78
Q

high total bilirubin & ALP

A

cholestasis

79
Q

high aminotransferases

A

hepatocellular damage

80
Q

low albumin

A

Chronic liver disease / malnutrition

81
Q

functions of bile salts

A

1- eliminate excess cholesterol
2-facilitate digestion of TAG
3- facilitate intestinal absorption of fat soluble vitamins
4- with phospholipids will solubilize cholesterol

82
Q

Gallstones are due to

A

1- excess cholesterol
2- deficiency in bile salts

83
Q

what is the condition when fat is indigestible & excreted in stool

A

steatorrhea

84
Q

steatorrhea is due to

A

Absence of bile

85
Q

color of feces in case of steatorrhea

A

white / grey & greasy

UNIT 5 GI (34 decks)

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