P4. Health Indicators, Demography, & Population Estimation Flashcards
(61 cards)
- tools to measure a specific health concept of interest.
- numeric measures which help measure the targeted or expected results of health programs.
Health Indicators
4 Types of Health Indicators
- aspect of health being measured
- group referred to
- time covered by the events
- components of the evaluation framework
According to the aspect of health being measured:
1. measure health outcomes and/or their risk factors
2. measure aspects of the performance of health services or public health programs
- health status indicators
- health service performance indicators
According to the group referred to:
1. describes the total population which is used as the denominator in the computation
2. describes only a specific sub-group of the total population being considered
- Crude Rates
- Specific Rates
CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
AGE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASDR)
According to the time covered by the events:
1. occurred during the specific point in time being considered
2. occurred over a period of time
- point in time
- period of time
PREVALENCE
INCIDENCE
According to the (four) components of the evaluation framework:
- input indicators
- output indicators
- outcome indicators
- impact indicators
resources needed to deliver the essential services to the population or to achieve project objectives
- Number of posters and brochures on family planning
- Number of community volunteers trained to conduct health education
Input indicators
direct products of project activities. Generally in the form of activities and processes undertaken
- Number of couples who have seen or received the posters
- Number of health education classes conducted
Output indicators
immediate result of the services or activities implemented
- % increase in the level of knowledge among couples on family planning
- % increase in number of family planning acceptors
Outcome indicators
intended or unintended long-term organizational/community changes
- decrease in the average number of children per family
- decrease in the population growth rate
Impact indicators
Three Conventional Health Status Indicators:
- Measures of Morbidity
- Measures of Mortality
- Measures of Fertility
Four Computing Indicators:
- Absolute numbers
- Ratios
- Proportions
- Rates
- Simple count of the number of persons, houses or events being considered
- Easy to understand but difficult to interpret especially when making comparisons among groups with different sizes
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS
- Result of dividing one number by another
- Reserved for measures wherein the numerator is not part of the denominator
RATIO
- Special kind of ratio wherein the numerator is part of the denominator
- When multiplied by 100 – called as percentage
PROPORTION
- measures how fast an event occurs over time or space
- expressed in terms of the frequency of occurrence of events
common example in health is the ____?
RATE
incidence rate of a disease
scientific study of human populations
Demography
“Study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of the population, changes therein, and the components of such changes”
Hauser and Duncan (1959:2)
Demography
3 Components (?) of Demography:
- Population Size
- Population Structure/ Composition
- Population distribution in Space
Population size is affected by?
- Natality
- Mortality
- Migration
2 METHODS OF POPULATION ALLOCATION:
- De Facto Method
- De Jure Method
people are counted or allocated to the area where they were physically present at the time of the census B.
De Facto Method
people are counted or allocated to the place of their usual residence
De Jure Method
Determines the number of percentages of the population according to the categories of important socio-demographic-economic variables.
most basic description is according to
Population Composition
age and sex
