M5. Measurements.

Question 1

Number or Label assigned to empirical properties.

Number - quantitative.
Label - qualitative.

Answer 1

Measurement.

Question 2

Categorizing each subject into 2 or more mutually exclusive groups

Answer 2

Classification/ Labels.

Question 3

Quality of Measurements:

the fewer/smaller the errors.

Errors?

Answer 3

the better the measurements.

• misclassification.
• deviation.

Question 4

Pre-requisite for making measurements

Answer 4

Operational Definition

Question 5

Sources of Errors:

Answer 5

1. Observer.
2. System.
3. Subjects.
4. Instrument.
5. Data processing procedures.

Question 6

• Differences or changes in the diagnostic criteria
• Differences or changes in the application of diagnostic
• Prior knowledge

Answer 6

Observer error

Question 7

Defects or changes in classification or coding.

Answer 7

System error.

Question 8

subdivisions of Subject error:

Answer 8

• behavioral.
• interactive responses.
• biologic variability.

Question 9

• Recall problems
• Unwillingness to disclose information

Answer 9

Behavioral

Question 10

• Response modified by the behavior of interviewer
• Response modified by knowledge that one is being observed or studies

ATTITUDE.

Answer 10

Interactive responses.

Question 11

Random or short-term fluctuations in some biological factors

Answer 11

Biologic variability

Question 12

• Equipment / mechanical instrument.
• Single index instrument.
• Interview schedule/questionnaire.
• Abstraction form.
• Observation Checklist.

Analytic or scaling problems of combining information from 2 or more items to form an overall index or indicator of the factor/disease

Answer 12

Instrument error

Single index instrument.