PA 11. motor control 2

Question 1

Parkinsons symptoms

Answer 1

bradykinesia - slow movement
tremor (resting)
Rigidity
shuffling
death of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 2

logic of Basal ganglia circuitry

direct pathway

Answer 2

allows desired movement

there is an excititory input from motor cortext to putamen.
This sends an inhibitory signal to GPm, which then reduced the inhibition of the Thalamus, which can now excite the Motor cortex

Question 3

logic of Basal ganglia circuitry

indirect pathway

Answer 3

similar logic. extra steps.

ends up inhibiting thalamus, and stopping movement

prevents undesired movement

Question 4

what affect does parkinsons have on basal ganglia circuitry

Answer 4

lack of dopamine has opposing effects on the 2 pathways

causes

underactive direct pathway
Overactive indirect pathway

Both lead to increased inhibition of thalamus and reduced excitation of cortex

Question 5

what other basal ganglia loops are there (and thus affected by parkinsons)

Answer 5

cognitive functions

affective functions
spatial, visual

Question 6

treatment for parkinsons

Answer 6

• L-dopa. but gives dopaminergic drugs
• Newer dopaminergic drugs
• Surgery - lesions and deep brain stimulation

Question 7

huntingtons disease

Answer 7

chorea = uncontrolled movements
- degeneration of putamen and caudate
- No cure or treatment to prevent progression
- Treatment to manage symptoms

too much movement

Question 8

Huntingtons and basal ganglia

Answer 8

underactivity of indirect pathway

Question 9

HD cognitive impairment

Answer 9

difficulties with
- attention
- executive function
- speed of processing
- prospective memory
- Emotion recognition

Question 10

Tourette syndrome

Answer 10

simple tics or complex tics

increase during times of stress
decrease when concentrating

1 in 100 children

hereditary

link to obsessive compulsive beh

developmental

Question 11

TS and BGanglia

Answer 11

increase in dopamine from SNc.

Overactivity of direct pathway leads to disinhibition of unwanted movement

Question 12

moving and environment in Parkinson’s

Answer 12

can be
Detrimental: freeze at edges of doorways

Beneficial: throw a tennis ball and spring into action, step over newspaper

Question 13

action observation in parkinsons

Answer 13

if see someone else make movement, makes it easier for them to do so.

helpful for freezing

Question 14

action observation + Motor imagery in parkinsons

Answer 14

conducted task where p.p observed experimenter moving finger between dots.

p.p asked to imagine doing movement

Task was to copy the movement.

found p.p matched the amplitude (which is rare in parkinsons)