Problem-solving Task-switching ‘Cold’ cognitive control processes

Task-switching – reversal learning ‘Hot’ cognitive control processes

speaking + executive brain. COGNEURO 10+ 11. Flashcards by Toby Bond

3 stages of word retrieval

Lexicalisation: selecting word based on meaning want to convey
Retrieving the Lemma. the grammatical components is modality independent (same for written and speech)
Retrieving phonological patterns needed to articulate the words. = LEXEME (phono that codes articulation)

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Lateral PFC:

Problem-solving * Task-switching * ‘Cold’ cognitive control processes

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Polar PFC:

Multi-tasking

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Medial PFC (anterior cingulate cortex)

Response conflict?

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Orbital PFC:

Task-switching – reversal learning * ‘Hot’ cognitive control processes

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Word retrieval: Speech errors

issues with lexicalisation

Freudian slips: substitute one word for another (thought to reveal hidden intent)

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Word retrieval: Speech errors

issues with lexeme

Tip of tongue phenomenon
Spoonerisms (par cark)
Malapropisms ( say a word with similar phonological form to intended word)

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Levelts model of word retrieval

word retrieval happen in 2 discrete stages: lexeme retrieval does not begin until lemma selection is complete.

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evidence for Levelts model of word retrieval

natural speech: we don’t really use the wrong grammar corresponding with the homophone. e.g. i a watch that show. instead of I watched that show

Speech errors: ToT state

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issues with levelts model

Mixed errors:
when the error word is both semantically and phonological to the intended word.

ToT: kind of know what the word starts with

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Dell’s model of word retrieval

includes layers of
- lexicalisation
- lemma
- lexeme

No directional arrows though.
- there is interactivity
- multiple kinds of info can be activated simultaneously.
- Winning word selected via competitive process

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Logopenic progressive aphasia

speech characterised by word-finding impairment and phonological speech errors
- but semantic memory is normal

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Logopenic progressive aphasia

how can this be simulated in non patients through Dells model

impair the phoneme layer

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Logopenic progressive aphasia

brain impairment

often associated with alzhiemers disease
Atrophy in left posterior temporal cortex

lexical phonological layer may be located here

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SLAM model of spoken word retrieval

Semantic -> Lexical -> Auditory -> Motor

Temporal lobes -> Auditory cortex -> inferior parietal cortex -> frontal cortex

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dual processing stream of language

Dorsal (up) stream - for speech production (motor)

Ventral Stream - for speech comprehension (semantics)

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dorsal stream

speech production

auditory info passed from parietal lobe to inferior frontal gyrus and motor cortex

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ventral stream

auditory info passed through temporal cortex to temporal pole for comprehension

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how does SLAM model relate to the dual stream model

speech Production involves the ventral stream in reverse, then uses dorsal stream

e.g. semantic -> lexical -> auditory -> motor

neural
temporal lobes -> auditory cortex -> inferior parietal cortex -> frontal cortex

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LSM (lesion-symptom mapping)

+ what is connectome LSM

is activity in any part of the brain related to performance on the test

mapping language impairment to the white matter connections between regions

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Syntax

rule that specify how words can be combined into sentences

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cardinal symptom of Broca’s aphasia

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aggramatism (loss of grammar) in speech production

Brocas area responds to

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both production and comprehension of grammar

parsing

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assigning syntactic structure to words

there is debate to whether parsing is ...

- Structure driven: based only on syntactic properties (separate to semantics) or - Discourse driven: influenced by semantic processing of words (semantics integrated with semantic processing)

Garden path sentences

a sentence in which the early part biases a syntactic interpretation (that turns out to be incorrect)

syntax and semantics what does neuroimaging evidence suggest

anterior and posterior areas active for syntactic vs semantic proccessing

articulation

the formulation of clear and distinct sounds in speech

syllabification

the process of segmenting phonological info. into syllables across adjacent morphemes and adjacent words - syllables can occour across morphemes (written words) e.g. he own zit

repition repression phoneme vs syllable distinction

repitition causes decrease in activation of stimulus. word bi-syllabic pseudo-words swapped either phoneme or syllable Found activation in motor area for phoneme lelvel ventral premotor cortex for syllable

Apraxia of speech

- difficulty shaping vocal tract = altered speech production despite intact - semantics, syntax - word retrieval - muscle tone of articulators caused by Damage to insula

Dysarthria

impaired contraction of articulators altered speech despite intact: - semantics, syntax - word retrieval = Damage to cerebellum and basal ganglia

Which brain areas plan to articulate

when stimulated left inferior parietal areas. they reported yes they did speak )but didn't speak. But when stimulated premotor region, they reported not speaking, BUT they did move their muscles as if they spoke

dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC responsible for

problem solving

Polar PFC responsible for

multi-tasking

orbital surface, ventromedial PFC responsible for

task switching

medial surface, anterior cingulate cortex responsible for

overcoming habitual responses

overcoming habitual response tested via

stroop test

example of problem solving test

* Test: * Tower tests, e.g., Tower of London

problem solving Study: * 38 healthy participants * Trait deliberation: * the tendency to think carefully before acting * Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) * Scarborough adaptation of ToL * “Can you solve this in exactly 2 moves?” found

Increased left dorsolateral PFC activation when solving problems * Even higher in individuals with high trait deliberation

* A habitual response is one that we engage in

automatically Response inhibition * Reducing the likelihood of a particular thought or action * Impulsivity * A behavioural tendency to make immediate responses or seek immediate rewards

Overcoming habitual responses: Stroop test * Study: * 38 healthy controls * 42 patients with frontal lesions * Stroop task * fMRI to relate lesion location to reaction times * Slow reaction time and decreased correct responses with lesions in:

anterior cingulate cortex, presupplementary motor area, and dorsolateral areas

Overcoming habitual responses: Neural correlates? Dorsolateral PFC = * Pre-SMA = * Anterior cingulate cortex =

problem solving motor responses ?

What happens when we make an error? behaviourlly

What happens when we make an error? * Humans and non-human primates are slower and more accurate after making an error – error detection + compensation * Trial: Correct + 1 = quick and reasonably accurate * Trial: Error + 1 = slower and more accurate

Evidence for the role of the __?__ in error detection? * ACC lesions in monkeys → Error + 1 is not slower or more accurate (Rushworth et al., 2003) * EEG evidence of a response in the ACC to errors (Gehring et al., 1993)

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC

The role of the ACC is still under debate! what are the Subdivisions of the Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Dorsal region implicated in executive functions * Ventral region implicated in emotional processing

Task-switching, what is it

discarding a previous schema and establishing a new one Related to the concept of perseveration: failure to shift away from a previous response * Not ‘preservation’ but related!

how to test task-switching

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) * Iowa Gambling Task

* The Switch Cost is

a slowing of response time due to discarding a previous schema and setting up a new one

Would we predict a higher Switch Cost for: A. Discarding a simple schema to set up a complex one? B. Discarding a complex schema to set up a simple one? tested with bilinguals and found

* All ps. showed slower naming in L2 overall (harder task than naming in L1) * Bilinguals are slower at switching from L2 (hard) to L1 (easy) * The Switch Cost is greater when discarding a complex schema to set up a simple one * Related to the (left) dorsolateral PFC

Task-switching: Iowa Gambling Task – neural correlates

Individuals with ventromedial PFC lesions * Measured net choice of advantageous decks * (young) Healthy controls learn to switch from ‘Bad’ decks to ‘Good’ decks * Individuals with ventromedial PFC lesions: * Fail to switch from ‘Bad’ decks to ‘Good’ decks over time * Show intact performance on other tests of executive function (Stroop, WCST

Executive function control processes can be divided into ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ e.g.

Hot’ – stimuli related to reward (food, money) * ‘Cold’ – purely cognitive stimuli (sensory dimensions) * Associated with related executive functions:

Task-switching: Iowa Gambling Task – reversal learning? * Individuals with ventromedial PFC lesions:

Perform fine on other tests of executive function (Stroop, WCST) * ‘Cold’ cognitive processes not affected by ventromedial PFC lesions? * Fail to switch from ‘Bad’ decks to ‘Good’ decks over time * Could be a failure of reversal learning * Early in the game: Decks A+B are rewarded because Decks C+D have smaller gains * Late in the game: Decks C+D are rewarded

speaking + executive brain. COGNEURO 10+ 11. Flashcards

(53 cards)