PABWE EXAM

Question 1

list the 3 r’s in animal research

Answer 1

reduce, refine, replacement

Question 2

name one person who has been important to the public debate on use f animals and briefly what their contribution has been

Answer 2

Ruth Harrison

investigated farming practice before publishing animal machines in 1964

Question 3

briefly outline two possible limitations in the use of cortisol as a measure of animal welfare

Answer 3

• cortisol can increase from handling of the animal and doesnt reflect environment
• cortisol levels can increase or decrease depending on the time of day dependent on species

Question 4

what are 4 types of social behaviour and what are their effects on the actor and the recipient ?

Answer 4

mutual benefit - benefits both actor and recipient

altruism - negative to actor benefit to recipient

selfishness - benefit to the actor negative to the receiver

spite - negative to both actor and receiver

Question 5

ethology rose from which scientific discipline? what types of animals did ethologists mostly study?

Answer 5

ethology arose from zoology and studies animal behaviour, ethologists mostly study insects, birds and fish

Question 6

briefly describe an example of artificial selection that demonstrates behaviour can be influenced by genetics of an animal.

Answer 6

russian geneticist bred foxes selecting for tameness, pysical changes occured such as star shaped pattern on the face, floppy ears, rolled tails, similar to domestic dog breeds. showed how tameness had physical traits linked to them

Question 7

briefly describe how large corporations can influence animal welfare

Answer 7

large coorporations can change standards for alot of there suppliers which creates better welfare for animals, further more this creates a domino effect as other large coorporations will then be pressured to catch on and create the same or similar standards especially important in public perception.

Question 8

why would you use multiple physiological and behavioural measures when assessing animal welfare?

Answer 8

because stress causes both physiological and behavioural changes

different species display stress differently, for example dogs show pain more obviously than cows who are more lowkey

Question 9

outline 3 things that you could do to reduce the risk of poor welfare during recreational fishing

Answer 9

• using wethands and gloves to reduce damage or irritation to eyes, gills and skin
• large circle hook, hooks mouth instead of gut
• of caught from deeper than 10 metres expect barotrauma and slaughter

Question 10

briefly outline 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages for animals living in large groups

Answer 10

\+'s 
shared parenting 
hunting efficiency 
safety from prey 
helping ill or weak mates 

-‘s
competition for resources
spreading of disease
competition for mates

Question 11

how do the needs of the public and the needs of the animals conflict when considering design of an eclosure for a zoo anima;s? ***

Answer 11

design must allow for good human viewership but must also allow for animals to feel comfortable and have hideaways

zoo must have all access for children and wheelchair bound people.

Question 12

provide a definition for animal sentience

Answer 12

capable of being aware of its surroundings, sensations such as fear hunger heat and cold and emotions, it is aware of what is happening to its self and other animals..

Question 13

why is animal sentience an important concept in animal welfare science?

Answer 13

helps us understand the needs of animals

helps us understand the positive and negative effective states that animals can feel

allows for greater public perception of animals

Question 14

what are the 5 causes of immediate failure in the audits conducted by temple grandin of beef abattoirs in the us?

Answer 14

1 probing in sensitive areas of the cow
2dragging non abulatpry animals 
3driving other animals over the top of one another on purpose 
4slamming gates on cows on purpose 
5beating an animal

Question 15

describe a behavioural test you could use to determine the motivation of dairy cows to access fresh pasture?

Answer 15

motivation conditioning test, see which cows prefer, how willing cows are to get to fresh pasture (elastic, inelastic)

Question 16

discuss the measures that have been used as evidence for cognition in animals. Include specific examples in animals in your response

Answer 16

1. object permeance (several birds and apes reach high level)
2. episodic memory (declaritive and procedural) in labrats and scrub jays)
3. self recognition (magpies recognise bright sticken on them in mirror and get it off but dont for black sticker)
4. categorical learning (african grey parrot able to remember objects shapes colours and request or deny stuff)
5. complex behaviour (assasin bug baits other insects out to eat)
6. theory of mind (scrub jays will hide there food in quieter substrate then noisier ones especially when other birds are around)
7. tool use (crows using sticks to get to food)

Question 17

you are evaluating an application to an animal ethics committee for the use of mice to test a new drug to treat cancer. Describe 5 areas in the application likely to be important in your final decision on whether the application should be approved or rejected

Answer 17

severity of procedures

number of individuals, species used

adverse effects

objectives, goals

potential benefits to humans and animals

Question 18

you have been asked to set up a study to determine if playing audiobooks to dogs in a shelter has a positive impact on their welfare. describe physiological and behavioural measures you would use in the dogs to answer this quesiton

Answer 18

physiological measures
-heart rate
-seretonin levels
-weight loss and weight gain
-susceptibility to disease 
behavioural 
-tail wagging 
-face tension, stress 
-whale eye
-whimpering vocalisation
-excessive licking, panting, yawning
-interaction towards humans

Question 19

to prevent future food shortages increased intensification of poultry and pig production is needed with unavoidable compromises in animal welfare

Answer 19

• disagree
• intensification requires more natural resources to upkeep an inefficient way of making food (100 calories of plant matter translates to 3 cals of meat matter for humans)
• intensification will cause poorer animal welfare through overcrowding, disease and workers having more animals to manage.
• historically much less meat was consumed which shows society CAN have diets with less meat in it
• methane emmisions from ruminants will get worse and methane is more potent than co2 as a greenhouse gas and trapping heat.

Question 20

do you think commercial cloning of dogs should be allowed, or not? provide reasons to back up your answer.

describe the ethical theory you have used .

Answer 20

no

• cloning requires 2 dogs to be operated on (one for eggs and one to carry the pregnancy) this means two dogs to be operated on which causes some distres sas it required being cut open
• as cloning gains more traction it will become more popular which means it will use more dogs as surrogates and to take eggs from causing unnecasary harm to the animals
• the success rate is <50 percent which means dogs are being operated on for somehting that might not even work.
• there are dogs that do not have homes and are being kept in shelters and kill shelters. this doesnt promote getting a rescue as some people will be more inclined to clone there own dog

I have used the animal rights approach because all sentient beings should not be put through harm for human benefit.

Question 21

briefly list 5 potential signs of pain in both a dog and a dairy cow

Answer 21

increased heart rate 
increased respiratory rate
vocalisation
pupil dilation 
increased cortisol levels

Question 22

what is refinement in the 3 rs ?

Answer 22

refinement is any decrease in the incidence or severity of “inhumane” procedures applied to those animals that still have to be used

Question 23

what is reduction in the 3 rs ?

Answer 23

the goal of reduction is to reduce the numbers of animals used to obtain information of a given amount of precision

Question 24

what is replacement in the 3R’s

Answer 24

defined as the substitution for conscious living higher animals of insentient material

Question 25

contractarian features

Answer 25

The contractarian view only considers human self-interest. Thus when
making moral decisions one only has to consider what is in it for oneself
(and for those fellow humans on whose collaboration one depends).

Question 26

utilitarian view

Answer 26

According to the utilitarian view, one needs to consider not just the interests
of all affected humans, but of all affected sentient beings.

Question 27

animal rights view

Answer 27

In the animal rigltts view the interests of all affected beings count, but other
things are to be considered as well. What matters is respectful treatment,
including respect for life.

Question 28

relational view

Answer 28

when it comes to the relational view the nature of the human-animal relation
and strength of the specific human-animal bond are the focus.

Question 29

respect for nature view

Answer 29

Finally, in the respect for nature view the protection of species, genetic
integrity, ecosystems and other collective entities matter.

Question 30

what are the ABCDE group members of an animal welfare commitee

Answer 30

A vetenarian

B experienced scientist

C someone committed to animal welfare (independent and external) (generaly not a scientist)

D lay person (independent) (no science background, voice from the community, charity work, usually retired)

E member of professional animal care staff (animal care staff)

AEC chair person most work load, on call 24 7

Question 31

who would be in catagory a?

Answer 31

vetenarian

Question 32

outline a method a recreational fisher could use to humanely kill a fish

Answer 32

stun and bleed (hitting to the head unconscous with a priest then sever gills )

Question 33

list 3 factors that are likely to influence a persons attitude to animal sentience

Answer 33

anthromoporphism

relatedness

apearence

Question 34

comparative psychology arose from which scientific discopline what species of animal did they ostly study >

Answer 34

is a branch of psychology

they used pigeons mice and rats

Question 35

briefly describe how aggression can be a learnt behaviour

Answer 35

aggression can be a learnt behaviour through negative reinforcement as a dog sees a human (which is aversive to particular dog) it will display aggression, the person will then go away which is negative reinforcement, so teh dog learns that being aggressive negates the agthe persons presence.

Question 36

outline 3 methods of environmental enrichment that involve food that could be used for zoo animals

Answer 36

hiding food (foraging behaviour)

treat balls

hanging food

Question 37

why do black ehaded gulls move there shells shortly after hatching

Answer 37

hide the shells so predators dont know there are vulnurable chicks there

prevent cuts to the chicks

hide the scent and divert attention of predators to new location

Question 38

name 4 people who have been involved in the public debate on the use of animals since 1950 and briefly outline their contribution to this debate

Answer 38

russel and burch (development of humane experimental techniques reduce pain and fear on lab animals

ruth harrison investigated farming practices released book

peter singer helped begin animal rights movement