psych 5 - motivation Flashcards
what is motivation?
internal processes that serve to activate and guide behaviour
what are the drivers of behaviour in instinct theory and evolutionary psychology ?
instinct theory - Innate patterns of behaviour universal in a species, independent of experience (inherited behaviour), elicited by stimuli
evolutionary psychology - patterns of behaviour have conferred an evolutionary advantage to promote survival of the gene pool.
What are people motivated to do, according to arousal theory?
people seek optimal level of arousal
large differences between individuals and there optimal levels of arousal.
people are likely to seek varied, novel, complex intense sensations and experiences
sensation seeking is thrill seeking, experience seeking, dis inhibition, boredom susceptibility.
What is the order of categories of human needs according to Maslow’s need hierarchy? Are these human needs necessarily hierarchical?
in order of bottom to top
physiological needs
safety needs
love and belonging
esteem needs
cognitive needs
aesthetic needs
self - actualisation
needs are not necessarily hierarchical, eg a man not giving away the location of his allies despite being in danger of being killed. (does not follow the hierarchy)
What determines behaviour according to Expectancy theory?
goal directed behaviour is determined by: strength of expectation and by incentive value of goal
motivation = expectancy x value
What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
extrinsic motivation for external rewards, such as praise, grades or money
intrinsic motivation is to perform activities because they are rewarding in and of themselves.
What human needs and forms of motivation are distinguished in Self-Determination Theory? What is an example of each kind of motivation?
intrinsic motivation (internal regulation) eg participating in a sport because it’s fun and you enjoy it rather than doing it to win an award
Extrinsic motivation e.g being paid to play basketball (money is the motivation)
- introjected regulation refers to doing something in order to maintain self-esteem or pride or to avoid guilt or anxiety.
- identified regulation With identified regulation, action begins to be integrated within the persons sense of self. For example, students who do their homework because they see it as valuable are at the identified regulation stage while those who do it just because their parents insist remain at the introjected stage.
What are the phenomenological features of emotions?
feelings (often physiological
thoughts
actions - what people do
action tendencies - what people feel like doing
goals - what people want to happen
List the parts of the human nervous system involved in emotion.
autonomic nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic)(fight or flight response)
Brain
- hypothalamus
- limbic system-amygdala;hippocampus
- cortex - left and right hemispheric specialisation
How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?
james lange theory - physiological changed come first
become aware of physiological changes and label as emotions
different emotions from different bodily reactions
Cannon-Bard Theory
-emotions present before arousal occurs
-arousal too generalised to lead to different emotions
-events simultaneously elicit subjective experiences and physiological reactions
all processed by the brain
What is the facial feedback hypothesis? List some evidence to support this hypothesis.
theory that changes in facial expressions can change emotions, not just reflect them.
evidence to support this is duchenne smile produces positive emotions brain activation patterns
botox group showed less brain scan activity in brain emotional areas than comparison groups
depressed people no longer depressed on self report measure after botox injection
What are the two factors of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
arousal and attribution
a stimulus causes physical arousal (arousal), we cognitively label the physical response and associate it with an emotion, then we feel the emotion (attribution)
How do shame and guilt differ in their characteristic cognitions?
behaviours
shame: withdrawal
Guilt: reparation
attributions
Shame: internal, global, stable attributions about self
Guilt: internal, specific, unstable attributions about self
Shame proness: more anger, less empathy, more depression
Guilt proness: greater empathy, less depression
What are the basic emotions which can be reliably distinguished by facial expression?
anger,fear,sadness,disgust,happiness and surprise
What are the features of alexithymia? What is an interpersonal effect of alexithymia?
difficulty identifying/describing feelings
constricted imagination
low social attachment, interpersonal relating
negatively associated with life satisfaction.
