Paediatric Imaging/Radiology Lecture Flashcards
(25 cards)
Neonate vs infant vs toddler
- Neonate - first 28 days
- Infant - 1 month to 1 year
- Toddler 1-3
What is ALARA principle?
- Keep radiation dose as low as physically possible
Pattern of consolidation from pneumonia in children vs adults and why
- Round shaped consolidation - localised pneumonia
- Due to lack of wafting of material around lungs
canal of??
Which part of lung lobe sits next to L border of heart?
Lingula
Danger of draining a pleural effusion caused by lung abscess with necrosis
- Lung snaps back as fluid drained
- Can then create a bronchopleural fistula
When a child aspirates something, which bronchus is it likely to go down and why?
- Right side
- Shorter, wider and more vertical bronchi
What can occur and be visible on CXR after aspiration of foreign body?
- Hyperlucent hemithorax - air trapped in by foreign body
What is seen with thymus when gas in thorax - pneumomediastinum?
Thymus is lifted up - is then visible in apices of lungs
What can be cause of gas in small bowel with oesophageal atresia?
Oesophageal to trachea fistula - air entering bowel
Features of vater syndrome
- V: ertebrae: Problems with the spine, including missing, fused, or abnormally shaped bones.
- A: norectal: Issues with the anus, such as imperforate anus (missing opening) or anal atresia (blockage).
- C: ardiac: Heart defects, like ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect.
- T: racheoesophageal: Problems with the trachea and esophagus, such as tracheoesophageal fistula (abnormal connection between the two) or esophageal atresia (esophagus not connecting to the stomach).
- R: enal: Kidney problems, which can include kidney malformations or missing kidneys.
- L: imbs: Abnormalities in the arms and legs, such as missing bones or extra digits.
VACTRL
Consequence of ingesting button batteries
- Leak of caustic substances (as battery reacts with mucus and saliva)
- This is strong alkali that can burn through tissue
Duodenal atresia sign on chest and abdomen XR
Double bubble sign
?trisomy 21
Paediatric part of bones
Types of paediatric fractures
Cause of buckle fracture
Juvenile idiopathic arthiritis presentation
- Axial loading causing a compression fracture
- Buckling/kinking at the cortex (weakest point)
- Most commonly the metaphysis of long bones
Why do children get bowing/greenstick fractures?
- Children’s bones are soft and therefore bend on pressure
- The more they bow, the more likely
they’ll turn into a greenstick fracture = fracture through one side of the cortex only. - Commonly mid diaphyseal
Salter harris classification of fractures through growth plate
When are skeletal surveys done in children?
- Children under 2 with suspected physical abuse
- To detect occult bone injury
- Within working hours as soon as possible
- Ideally within 72 hours
- If serious injury detected, all siblings under age 2 are imaged too
Follow up for skeletal survey
- 11-14 days later
- Max 28 days later
- Identify injuries that previously not visible that may now be in healing stage
- Also assist with ageing of injuries
Stages of bone healing
Differentials for excessive bruising in child
- Thrombocytopenia
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)
- Haemophilia
- Suspected Physical Abuse
Some typical injuries in suspected physical abuse
- Metaphyseal fractures - bucket handle or
corner fractures - Rib fractures - commonly posterior
- Skull fracture - usually non parietal and associated with subdural haemorrhage
- Scapular fractures
- Sternal fractures
- Spiral long bone fracture (humeri, femora)
