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Y2- TO LEARN > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

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1
Q

Projectile vomiting

A

Pyloric stenosis

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2
Q

Koplik spots

A

Measles

on inner buccal mucosa

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3
Q

Continuous machine-like murmur?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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4
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome karyotype?

A

XXY

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5
Q

Turner’s syndrome karyotype?

A

45 XO

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6
Q

Defect in the ∆F508 gene

A

Cystic fibrosis

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7
Q

Brushfield spots on iris?

A

Down’s Syndrome

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8
Q

Treatment of impetigo?

A

Fusidic acid or flucloxacillin

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9
Q

Cause + treatment of epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus Influenza B

Ceftriaxone

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10
Q

Cause of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)?

A

Parainfluenza virus

+adenovirus

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11
Q

Most common cause of bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

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12
Q

Cause of whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

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13
Q

Presentation of bronchiolitis?

A

high pitch expiratory wheeze, cough, hyper-inflated chest

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14
Q

Presentation of parotid gland swelling/neck lumps in children?

A

Mumps

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15
Q

Mal-rotation of volvulus

A

Bile vomiting soon after birth

can lead to intersussecption

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16
Q

Red flags for developmental delay?

A 
Social smile by 8 weeks
Reaching for objects at 6 months
Sitting unsupported at 12 months
Walking and talking by 18 months
or LOSS OF SKILLS
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17
Q

Most common cause of gastroenteritis in children?

A

Rotavirus

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18
Q

Febrile convulsions duration?

A

Under 15 minutes
Recovery within 1 hour
No more than 1 per 24 hours

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19
Q

Pulse in <1 year?

A

110-160, then decreases as you get older (~10/year)

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20
Q

RR in <1 year?

A

30-40, then decrease as you get older (~5/year)

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21
Q

systolic BP in <1 year?

A

70-90, then INCREASES as you get older (~10/year)

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22
Q

Infantile growth

A

Nutrient led

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23
Q

Child growth

A

Growth hormone led

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24
Q

Pubertal growth

A

Sex hormone led

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25
Lifestyle advice for children?
Should have 1 hour of physical activity per day (3 hours for under 5s) Max. 2 hours screen time
26
When is a baby 'preterm'?
before 37 weeks
27
2 types of short stature?
Genetic or constitutional
28
Important features of paediatric history?
``` Birth/maternal health? Development Vaccinations Hospital admissions Systemic--> urine, bowels, sleeping, feeding Social- family? school/nursery problems? ```
29
Causes of global delay?
Genetic- fragile X, down's syndrome etc.
30
Causes of motor delay?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Cerebral palsy, Co-ordination disorders
31
Cause of sensory deficits/delay?
Treacher-Collins, Oculocutaneous Albinism
32
Autism triad?
Communication/Language Social interaction Flexibility of though/imagination
33
Define global delay?
``` Significant delay in 2+ of gross/fine motor speech/language cognition social/personal ```
34
Average age of puberty?
Girls=11 | Boys=11.5
35
Early puberty?
``` Girls= 8 Boys= 9 ```
36
Puberty delay?
Absence of secondary sexual characteristics: Girl= 13 Boy=14
37
Management of poor circulation in children?
20mls/kg of 0.9% saline (in contrast to adults where you just put them on standard saline)
38
Treatment for severe croup?
Oral steroids
39
5 main primitive reflexes?
``` Palmar grasp Moro Stepping and placing ATNR Sucking and rooting ```
40
Acyanotic heart defects?
Septal defects, patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus
41
Cyanotic heart defects?
Transposition of great vessels, Tetralogy of Fallot
42
When does the palmar reflex disappear?
6 months
43
What is the Moro reflex and when does it disappear?
When baby is dropped, arms go out to protect | 4 months
44
What is "stepping and placing" reflex and when does it disappear?
Move legs like walking when lifted | 6 months
45
What is ATNR reflex and when does it disappear?
AKA fencing- head to side and arm out to stabilise | 4-5 months
46
What is "rooting and sucking" reflex and when does it disappear?
Sucking- instinctively suck things touching roof of mouth Rooting- turns head towards stroke cheek 4 months
47
Live vaccines
MMR, Polio
48
Vaccine containing component
Haemophilus influenza Pneumococcal vaccine Diptheria Tetanus
49
Inactivated vaccine
Pertussis
50
Vitamins all breastfeeding mothers should take?
Vitamin D
51
Children 6 months+ on formula should get which vitamins?
Vitamins A, C + D
52
Which formula is recommended if not breastfeeding?
Whey formula
53
What food should be avoided before 6 months?
Gluten foods
54
What food can be introduced at 12 months?
Cow's milk (full fat)
55
What food can be introduced at 2 years?
Semi-skimmed milk | no skimmed before 5 years
56
4 week old baby vomiting bile?
MALROTATION (can lead to midgut volvulus)
57
How do you confirm malrotation?
contrast study- X ray + dye
58
How do you confirm pyloric stenosis?
USS
59
7 year old boy with abdo pain, worse when walking/in car?
Appendicitis (or peritonitis)
60
6 month old girl with vomiting, pain, limpness and red, jelly like stools?
Intussusception
61
How do you confirm intussusception?
USS- should target/kidney bean sign
62
Concerns of growth chart?
Sudden deviation in height/weight Big difference between height and weight centiles
63
Vaccinations at 2 months?
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) given as a 5-in-1 single jab known as DTaP/IPV/Hib Pneumococcal Rotavirus
64
Vaccinations at 3 months?
DTaP/IPV/Hib Meningitis C Rotavirus
65
Vaccinations at 4 months?
DTaP/IPV/Hib | Pneumococcal
66
Vaccinations between 12-13 months?
Hib/MenC MMR Pneumococcal
67
Vaccinations between 3 years | 4 months?
MMR | Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio (DtaP/IPV) booster
68
Vaccinations between 12-13 years?
HPV (3 in 6 months)
69
Vaccinations between 13-18 years?
Diphtheria, tetanus and polio (DtaP/IPV) booster | Men C booster

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