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Y2- TO LEARN > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Left kidney vertebral level?

A

T12-L2

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2
Q

Right kidney vertebral level?

A

L1-L3

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3
Q

At what GFR do patients with CKD generally have symptoms?

A

<30ml/min

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4
Q

Symptoms of CKD?

A

Fatigue, itch, poor appetite, sleep disturbance, nocturia, pallor, HYPERTENSION, peripheral neuropathy

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5
Q

CKD 1

A

Normal GFR (>90) with evidence of kidney damage

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6
Q

CKD 2

A

GFR 60-90 with evidence of kidney damage

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7
Q

CKD 3a

A

GFR 45-59

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8
Q

CKD 3b

A

GFR 30-44

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9
Q

CKD 4

A

GFR <15, or need for dialysis

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10
Q

Bowman’s capsule contains what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

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11
Q

Collecting ducts contains what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple columnar

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12
Q

Prostate gland contains what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple columnar secretory

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13
Q

Loop of Henle contains what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal + simple squamous

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14
Q

Young woman with very high BP?

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia

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15
Q

Haematuria + fever/rigors?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What are Kimmelsteil-Wilson lesions?

A

Round eosinophilic lesions associated with diabetic nephropathy

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17
Q

Treatment for UTI caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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18
Q

Which part of the nephron has extensive brush border of microvilli?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

Voiding LUTS?

A 
Stream weak
Intermittent stream
Straining
Incomplete emptying
\+/- HESITANCY
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20
Q

Storage LUTS?

A

Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia
+/- incontinence

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21
Q

Bone disease caused by renal failure?

A

Renal osteodystrophy

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22
Q

What action does aldosterone have on Na, K and H?

A

Increase Na reabsorption

Increase K + H secretion

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23
Q

Seminoma is associated with which tumour marker?

A

PLAP (placental alkaline phosphatase)

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24
Q

Clusters of angiokeratomas around umbilicus?

A

Anderson-Fabrys disease

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25
What are juxtaglomerular cells and what do they secrete?
Specialised smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles | Secrete RENIN
26
What kidney disease does microscopic polyangiitis cause?
Necrotising glomerulonephritis
27
Which auto-antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
pANCA + anti-MPO
28
Haematuria + hearing loss
Alports syndrome
29
Apple green birefringence on Congo Red stain
Amyloid
30
What does the presence of amyloid indicate?
Increased amyloid proteins means there is abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow--> can’t produce normal proteins so produce amyloids--> deposit around body
31
Renal disease causing berry aneurysms?
ADPKD
32
Renal disease associated with liver cysts?
ARPKD
33
Is trimethoprim safe in pregnancy?
Avoid in 1st trimester
34
Is nitrofurantoin safe in pregnancy?
Avoid in late pregnancy, breastfeeding and young children
35
What is squamous cell carcinoma of the penis associated with?
uncircumcised, poor hygiene + HPV
36
Blood supply for superficial (cortical) nephrons?
Afferent + efferent + peritubular plexus
37
Blood supply for juxtaglomerular nephrons?
Afferent + efferent (vasa recta)
38
Function of juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Fine tuning of flow rate through the glomerulus
39
Function of granular cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Produce and secrete renin (part of RAAS)
40
Function of macula densa in juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Monitor how much salt is present in tubular fluid as it passes through
41
Largest determinant of glomerular blood flow?
Glomerular capillary BP
42
Normal GFR?
125ml/min
43
What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have?
Decreased sodium reabsorption
44
What effect does ADH have?
Increases water reabsorption (Insertion of new aquaporins into the luminal membrane to cause increased permeability of the membrane to water reabsorption)
45
Where is the triple cotransporter (1 sodium, 1 potassium and 2 chlorides) found?
Ascending limb of Loop of Henle
46
What are Starling Forces?
Balance of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic forces
47
Where do hormones act in the nephron?
Distal tubule + collecting duct
48
What happens when ADH drops?
Aquaporins are internalized back into the cytoplasm
49
Causes of increased ADH?
Pregnancy Morphine Nicotine SIADH
50
Causes of decreased ADH?
Diabetes insipidus Alcohol Ecstasy
51
Intrinsic GFR control mechanisms: what is the myogenic mechanism?
Smooth muscle stretch (due to increase BP) will cause contrast constriction of arteriole
52
Intrinsic GFR control mechanisms: what is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
Increased GFR will increase NaCl in the tubule. Sensed by macula densa- release of adenosine, causing constriction
53
Where does reabsorption mostly take place?
Proximal tubule | 67% of water + salt, 100% of glucose and amino acids
54
Which area of the nephron has extensive cilia surface?
Proximal tubule
55
Sodium + water transport systems in proximal tubule?
Na+-K+ ATPase transport mechanism at basolateral membrane Oncotic pressure formed- water follows salt
56
Glucose transport system in proximal tubule?
Sodium dependent glucose co-transporters | can become saturated at ~10-12mmol/l glucose
57
Which part of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water?
Descending limb
58
Which part of the Loop of Henle allows NaCL reabsorption?
Ascending limb
59
Is the fluid entering the distal tubule hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic?
Hypoosmotic
60
What happens in the early distal tubule?
NaCl reabsorption (Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter)
61
What happens in the late distal tubule?
H+ secretion Ca2+ reabsorption Na+ reabsorption K+ reabsorption
62
What type of inheritence is Anderson-Fabrys disease and Alport's syndrome?
X- linked
63
Which benign kidney tumour is the most common?
Fibroma
64
Which benign kidney tumour is associated tuberous sclerosis?
Angiomyolipoma
65
The gonadal artery is a branch of which vessel?
Abdominal aorta (L2)
66
The left gonadal vein drains into which vessel?
Left renal vein
67
The right gonadal vein drains into which vessel?
IVC
68
What is the classic description of pain from calculi?
Renal colic, loin to groin

Y2- TO LEARN (6 decks)

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