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Question 1

What are the 11 major endocrine tissues?

Answer 1

-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland
-Pineal gland
-Thyroid gland
-Parathyroid gland
-Thymus
-Adrenal gland
-Pancreas
-Kidney
-Ovary
-Testis

Question 2

Endocrine?

Answer 2

Internal secretion into the bloodstream

Question 3

What are hormones?

Answer 3

A regulatory substance that stimulates specific cells/tissues into action

Question 4

What type of glands are ductless?

Answer 4

Endocrine glands

Question 5

Target cell?

Answer 5

A cell which bears receptors for a hormone

Question 6

What are steroid hormones made of

Answer 6

Lipids composed of cholesterol-like carbon ring structures

Question 7

What are nonsteroidal hormones made of?

Answer 7

Amino acids

Question 8

What are amines?

Answer 8

An organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups

Question 9

Norepinephrine?

Answer 9

Plays a role in fight-or-flight. As a medication it increases blood pressure (focus on blood vessels)

Question 10

Epinephrine?

Answer 10

Plays a role in fight-or-flight. As a medication in treats allergic reaction (focuses on the heart)

Question 11

What are protein hormones made of?

Answer 11

Long chain amino acids (parathyroid hormones)

Question 12

What are peptide hormones made of?

Answer 12

Short chain amino acids (insulin)

Question 13

What is upregulation?

Answer 13

An increase in the number of receptors

Question 14

What is downregulation?

Answer 14

A decrease in the number of receptors

Question 15

Which type of hormone has poor water salubility?

Answer 15

Steroid hormones (made of lipids)

Question 16

Which type of hormone binds to receptors on target cells?

Answer 16

Nonsteroidal hormones (made of protein and cannot diffuse across cell membrane)

Question 17

What is considered the first messenger?

Answer 17

The hormone which binds to the cell receptor

Question 18

What is considered the second messenger?

Answer 18

The substance released in the cell once once the first messenger/hormone has binded to the receptor site

Question 19

What type of hormones use transcription?

Answer 19

Steroid hormones

Question 20

What type of hormones do not use transcription?

Answer 20

Nonsteroidal hormones

Question 21

What is negative feedback?

Answer 21

A counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it. (i.e high level of a hormone in the blood preventing further secretion of that hormone)

Question 22

What are the three methods negative feedback controls hormone secretion?

Answer 22

-Tropic hormones (target other endocrine glands)
-Nervous system control (nervous system stimulates secretion of some hormones)
-Changes in composition of internal environment

Question 23

What is transcription?

Answer 23

The process where a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

Question 24

What is the hypophysis?

Answer 24

The technical term for the pituitary gland

Question 25

What are the two parts of the hypophysis?

Answer 25

The two parts of the pituitary gland are the -Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) -Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)

Question 26

What is the hypothalamic releasing hormone?

Answer 26

Each hypothalamic-releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary hormone which stimulates hormone production (i.e. the hypothalamic-releasing hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates thyrotropin/thyroid-stimulating hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary which then would stimulate the thyroid gland)

Question 27

GH?

Answer 27

-Growth hormone/somatotropin -Anterior pituitary hormone -Causes cells to grow and divide

Question 28

PRL?

Answer 28

-Prolactin -Anterior pituitary hormone -Promotes milk production

Question 29

TSH?

Answer 29

-Thyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotropin -Anterior pituitary hormone -Controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland

Question 30

ACTH?

Answer 30

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone/corticotropin -Anterior pituitary hormone -Peptide that controls hormone production in adrenal glands

Question 31

FSH?

Answer 31

-Follicle-stimulating hormone -Anterior pituitary hormone -Acts on reproductive organ (production of sperm and development of egg/follicle)

Question 32

LH?

Answer 32

-Luteinizing hormone -Anterior pituitary hormone -Promotes secretion of sex hormones

Question 33

Antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 33

-Vasopressin -Posterior pituitary hormone -Increases blood pressure (decrease urine formation and vasoconstriction)

Question 34

Oxytocin?

Answer 34

-Posterior pituitary hormone -Contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterine wall -Stimulates milk production

Question 35

What three hormones are produced in the thyroid?

Answer 35

-Thyroxine (energy/metabolism) -Triiodothyronine (energy/metabolism) -Calcitonin (decreases blood calcium levels)

Question 36

Gross anatomy of the parathyroid gland?

Answer 36

Four glandular structures on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 37

Parathyroid hormone?

Answer 37

Increases blood calcium levels

Question 38

Adrenal glands gross anatomy?

Answer 38

-Suprarenal glands -Associated with each kidney

Question 39

What does the adrenal medulla make?

Answer 39

Epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

Question 40

What does the adrenal cortex make?

Answer 40

Steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, and some sex hormones)

Question 41

What are the primary functions of the renin-angiotensin system?

Answer 41

Regulation of the renal, cardiac, and vascular physiology

Question 42

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 42

Melatonin

Question 43

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 43

Diencephalon

Question 44

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 44

Superior to the heart

Question 45

What is the function of the thymus?

Answer 45

Makes T-cells to function in immunity

Question 46

What do the testes produce?

Answer 46

Testosterone

Question 47

What do the ovaries produce?

Answer 47

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 48

What is general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 48

Stage one: alarm stage -fight or flight -Sympathetic -Epinephrine intensifies Stage two: resistance stage -Long term -Cortisol (stress hormone) Stage three: exhaustion stage -Wasting due to nutrient depletion

Question 49

What are the four major lifespan changes in hormones?

Answer 49

-Endocrine glands shrink in size -Growth hormone declines -Calcitonin levels decline -Thymosin levels decline (increased chance of infection)