Pages 11-21

Question 1

What type of tissue is blood?

Answer 1

A type of connective tissue

Question 2

What is the blood volume in the average person?

Answer 2

Females 4-5 liters
Males 5-6 liters

Question 3

What three substances makeup blood by percent?

Answer 3

Plasma 55%
RBC 45%
WBC and platelets <1%

Question 4

What is the production of blood cells called?

Answer 4

Hematopoiesis

Question 5

What do blood cells originate from?

Answer 5

Hemocytoblasts
Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 6

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 6

Lymphocytes

Question 7

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 7

All types of formed blood cells (except lymphocytes)

Question 8

Describe two features of RBCs?

Answer 8

Lack nuclei
Biconcave disc shape

Question 9

Oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 9

Oxyhemoglobin with oxygen
Dyoxyhemoglobin without oxygen

Question 10

Erythropoiesis?

Answer 10

Production of RBCs

Question 11

What two vitamins are required for erythropoiesis?

Answer 11

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

Question 12

Anemia?

Answer 12

Condition in which O2 carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

Question 13

Iron-deficient anemia?

Answer 13

Due to a lack of iron and hemoglobin deficient

Question 14

What is another name for WBCs?

Answer 14

Leukocytes

Question 15

What hormones cause the production of leukocytes?

Answer 15

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

Question 16

What are the five types of WBC?

Answer 16

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

Question 17

Neutrophils?

Answer 17

Made of light-purple granules
First to arrive at the site of infection with strong phagocytotic action

Question 18

Eosinophils?

Answer 18

Made of course granules stained red
Function in allergic reaction and defend against parasitic worm infections

Question 19

Basophils?

Answer 19

Large granules that stain deep blue
Release histamine (stimulate inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant)

Question 20

Monocytes?

Answer 20

Largest of WBCs
Agranulocyte: visible granules absent
Leave the bloodstream and become macrophages

Question 21

Lymphocytes

Answer 21

Smallest of WBCs
Agranulocyte with a large spherical nucleus
T-cells (attack pathogen) and B-cells (produce antibodies)

Question 22

Inflammatory response?

Answer 22

A reaction that restricts the spread of infection. Promoted by secretion of heparin and histamine.

Question 23

Diapedesis?

Answer 23

Passage of blood cells through capilarries

Question 24

Cellular adhesion molecules?

Answer 24

Proteins that direct leukocytes to injury sites

Question 25

Positive chemotaxis?

Answer 25

Attraction of WBCs to an infection site

Question 26

What can an increase in neutrophils signal?

Answer 26

A bacterial infection

Question 27

Platelets?

Answer 27

Thrombocytes Cytoplasmic fragments that help maintain homeostasis by stopping bleeding by sticking to protein surfaces Release serotonin (vasoconstriction)

Question 28

Blood plasma?

Answer 28

The straw-colored liquid portion of blood which is 92% water and is 55% of blood volume

Question 29

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 29

Transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and vitamins

Question 30

What are the three proteins found in plasma?

Answer 30

Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen

Question 31

What are four nonprotein nitrogenous substances?

Answer 31

Urea Uric acid Amino acids Creatine

Question 32

Uric acid product of?

Answer 32

Product of nucleic acid catabolism

Question 33

Urea?

Answer 33

Product of protein catabolism

Question 34

Amino acids product of?

Answer 34

Product of protein digestion

Question 35

Creatine?

Answer 35

Stores energy in phosphate bonds

Question 36

What is homeostasis in blood?

Answer 36

Refers to the stoppage of bleeding

Question 37

Vascular spasm?

Answer 37

Smooth muscle contracting rapidly

Question 38

What causes a vascular spasm?

Answer 38

Stimulated by a break in a small blood vessel

Question 39

How is a platelet plug formed?

Answer 39

When platelets are exposed to collagen they become sticky and adhere to rough surfaces

Question 40

How does blood coagulation occur?

Answer 40

In a cascade where one step leads to the next one

Question 41

Extrinsic clotting?

Answer 41

The process of blood coagulation by a protein/tissue factor extrinsic to the blood

Question 42

Intrinsic clotting?

Answer 42

Blood coagulation by factors within the blood

Question 43

Serum in blood?

Answer 43

The clear liquid portion of blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed

Question 44

Platelet-derived growth factor function?

Answer 44

Stimulates repair

Question 45

What is a thrombus?

Answer 45

An abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

Question 46

What is thrombosis?

Answer 46

A blood clot in a vital vessel supplying a vital organ

Question 47

Atherosclerosis?

Answer 47

Accumulation of fat in arterial linings

Question 48

Embolus?

Answer 48

A portion of a thrombus that has broken free and is traveling with the blood stream

Question 49

Embolism?

Answer 49

An embolus that has become trapped and blocks the blood flow to a critical organ

Question 50

How is coagulation prevented?

Answer 50

Smooth lining blood vessels Fibrin threads absorb thrombin (prevents the clot from spreading) Antithrombin inactivates additional thrombin Heparin (stimulates antithrombin)