Pages 59-69

Question 1

Nutrients?

Answer 1

Chemicals from the environment that organisms need to survive

Question 2

Macronutrients?

Answer 2

Required in large quantities

Question 3

Micronutrients?

Answer 3

Required in small quantities

Question 4

Essential nutrients?

Answer 4

Nutrients that the body cannot synthesize

Question 5

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Organic compounds (CH2O)n. Include sugar, starch, and glycogen

Question 6

What are the two complex carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Starch (plant) and glycogen (animal)

Question 7

What are simple carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 8

What are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 8

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Question 9

What are the disaccharides?

Answer 9

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Question 10

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 10

The production of glycogen from glucose

Question 11

What are lipids?

Answer 11

Organic compounds that include fats, oils, and fat-like substances such as phospholipids and cholesterol

Question 12

What are two major functions of fats?

Answer 12

Supply energy and allow for fat-soluble vitamin absorption

Question 13

What are saturated fats?

Answer 13

Food of mainly animal origin that have all single bonds between carbon atoms

Question 14

What are unsaturated fats?

Answer 14

Foods such as nuts and seeds that have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 15

Cholesterol?

Answer 15

A waxy substance found in many body tissues that is an important precursor to many hormones

Question 16

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 16

Any type of soluble protein that transports lipids in the bloodstream

Question 17

What are triglycerides?

Answer 17

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 18

AHA advises that diets not exceed ____% of calories from fat?

Answer 18

30%

Question 19

What are the molecular building blocks for protein?

Answer 19

Amino acids

Question 20

How many different amino acids?

Answer 20

20

Question 21

Process for protein to be used for energy?

Answer 21

-Protein broken down by peptidases
-Amine group (NH2) removed
-NH2 converted to urea and excreted

Question 22

How many essential amino acids?

Answer 22

9 (6 conditionally essential)

Question 23

How many nonessential amino acids?

Answer 23

11 (6 conditionally essential)

Question 24

What is a complete protein?

Answer 24

Contains adequate amounts of essential amino acids

Question 25

What is an incomplete protein?

Answer 25

Does not contain adequate amounts of essential amino acids

Question 26

Protein should be ____% of a person's diet?

Answer 26

10%

Question 27

How many grams of protein per day should be consumed?

Answer 27

60-150g

Question 28

What does protein deficiency lead to?

Answer 28

Tissue wasting and decline of blood plasma proteins

Question 29

What will cells do if they do not have a supply of energy present?

Answer 29

They start to eat themselves (autophagy)

Question 30

What is the difference between a food calorie and a heat calorie?

Answer 30

Food Calorie = energy needed to raise 1 liter of water 1-degree celsius Heat calorie = energy needed to raise 1 mL of water 1-degree celsius

Question 31

What is BMR?

Answer 31

Basal metabolic rate = rate at which the body expends energy under basal conditions

Question 32

What are considered basal conditions?

Answer 32

Awake, at rest, after overnight fasting, and in a comfortable environment

Question 33

What is energy balance?

Answer 33

Calories from intake = output from BMR

Question 34

What is positive energy balance?

Answer 34

Calorie intake exceeds output

Question 35

What is negative energy balance?

Answer 35

Calorie expenditure exceeds intake

Question 36

Overweight is exceeding desirable weight by ____- ____%?

Answer 36

10-20%

Question 37

Obesity is exceeding desirable weight by ____%?

Answer 37

20%

Question 38

What are vitamins?

Answer 38

Organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal metabolic processes

Question 39

What are the two types of vitamins?

Answer 39

Fat-soluble and water-soluble

Question 40

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 40

A, D, E, and K

Question 41

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 41

B-complex vitamins and vitamin C

Question 42

What helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 42

Bile-salts

Question 43

Vitamin A function?

Answer 43

Skin and vision

Question 44

Vitamin D function?

Answer 44

Mineralization of bones by absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 45

Vitamin E function?

Answer 45

Antioxidant and healing

Question 46

Vitamin K function?

Answer 46

Blood clotting

Question 47

Vitamin B1?

Answer 47

Thiamin Deficiency can result in edema and enlarged heart

Question 48

Vitamin B2?

Answer 48

Riboflavin Deficiency can result in dermitis

Question 49

Vitamin B3?

Answer 49

Niacin Deficiency can result in pellagra

Question 50

What are minerals?

Answer 50

Inorganic substances essential in metabolism

Question 51

Vegan?

Answer 51

No animal foods

Question 52

Ovo-vegetarian?

Answer 52

Eggs allowed

Question 53

Lacto-vegetarian?

Answer 53

Dairy allowed

Question 54

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian?

Answer 54

Dairy and eggs allowed

Question 55

Pesco-vegetarian?

Answer 55

Dairy, eggs, and fish allowed

Question 56

Semi-vegetarian?

Answer 56

Dairy, eggs, fish, and chicken allowed

Question 57

Primary malnutrition?

Answer 57

Malnutrition from diet alone

Question 58

Secondary malnutrition?

Answer 58

Adequate diet, but individual characteristics make diet insufficient

Question 59

Marasmus?

Answer 59

Macronutrient deficiency

Question 60

Kwashiorkor?

Answer 60

Protein deficiency

Question 61

Anorexia nervosa?

Answer 61

Self-starvation

Question 62

Bulimia?

Answer 62

Binge-and-purge cycles

Question 63

How should macronutrient percentages be divided?

Answer 63

60% carbs 18% protein 22% fat

Question 64

How does BMR change over life span?

Answer 64

Rises in childhood, peaks in adolescents, declines in adulthood

Question 65

Sodium?

Answer 65

Fluid balance

Question 66

Chloride?

Answer 66

Digestion and brain function

Question 67

Potassium?

Answer 67

Blood pressure

Question 68

Calcium?

Answer 68

Bones, teeth, muscle contraction, nerve function

Question 69

Phosphorus?

Answer 69

Combined to help make bones

Question 70

Magnesium?

Answer 70

Muscle contraction and nerve impulses

Question 71

Sulfate?

Answer 71

Synthesizing compounds

Question 72

What are the minerals of the body?

Answer 72

Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium