Pages 40-50 Flashcards

(71 cards)

1
Q

The lymphatic system protects the body against infection from ____ and ____-____ ____?

A

Pathogens… disease-causing agents

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2
Q

Pathogen?

A

An organism causing disease to its host

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3
Q

Infection?

A

The presence/multiplication of pathogens

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4
Q

What are the body’s two mechanisms of defense?

A

Innate defense (general type)
Adaptive defense (more specific)

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5
Q

What are the seven types of innate defense?

A

-Species resistance
-Mechanical barriers
-Inflammation
-Chemical barriers
-Natural killer cells
-Phaygocytosis
-Fever

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6
Q

Species resistance?

A

The natural resistance of an organ against a pathogen

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7
Q

Mechanical barriers?

A

Unbroken skin and mucus membranes

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8
Q

Inflammation?

A

Enzymes, Ph extremes, and high salt all harm pahogens

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9
Q

Chemical barriers?

A

Distinct lymphocytes secrete perforin (lyse infected cell)

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10
Q

Natural killer cells contain?

A

Contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules

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11
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

Engulf and destroy

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12
Q

Fever?

A

Elevated body temperture inhibits microbial growth

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13
Q

Antigens?

A

“Non-self” molecules that elicit an immune response

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14
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

-Cellular immune response
-Humoral immune response

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15
Q

Cellular immune response performed by?

A

Performed by immune cells

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16
Q

Humoral immune response performed by?

A

Performed by antibodies

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17
Q

How are T-cells named?

A

Cells that mature in the thymus

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18
Q

How are B-cells named?

A

Cells that mature in bone marrow

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19
Q

Function of B-cell lymphocytes?

A

Activated when antigen binds to a specific receptor and they produce anitbodies

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20
Q

Function of T-cell lymphocytes?

A

Provide cell-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells

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21
Q

What are the two immune responses?

A

-Primary immune response
-Secondary immune response

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22
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

Produced by first encounter with antigen and memory B-cells produced

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23
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

Second exposure produces a high concentration of antibodies and memory B-cells remain active years

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24
Q

Active immunization?

A

Administering antigens so the patient actively mounts an adaptive immune response

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25
Passive immunotherapy?
Patient acquires temporary immunity through transfer of antibodies from another individual
26
Naturally acquired active immunity?
Exposure of live pathogens --> stimulation of immune response with symptoms of disease
27
Artificially acquired active immunity?
Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components --> stimulation immunity response without symptoms of the disease
28
Naturally acquired passive immunity?
Antibodies passed to the fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity
29
Artificially acquired passive immunity?
Injection of antiserum contain specific antibodies or antitoxin
30
What is hypersensitivity in an immune response?
Exaggerated immune response to a non-harmful antigen
31
Immune system function declines early in life as the ___ ___ shrinks?
Thymus gland
32
T-cell and B-cell numbers do not ____ but their ____ does ____?
Decline.... effectiveness ... decline
33
What is type I hypersensitivity?
Immediate/allergic hypersensitivity
34
What is type II hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity (i.e. mismatched blood transfusion)
35
What is type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complex disposition hypersensitivity
36
What is type IV hypersensitivity?
Delayed hypersensitivity
37
The digestive system is esseentially a long ____?
Tube
38
What is the digestive system filled with?
Microbes
39
What are the two parts of digestion?
Mechanical breakdown of food Chemical breakdown of food
40
What does mechanical digestion do?
Breaks large pieces of food into smaller pieces but does not change composition
41
What does chemical digestion do?
Breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals
42
The digestive system is made of the ____ ____ and ____ ____?
alimentary canal and accessory organs
43
What is the alimentary canal?
A muscular tube 8 meters long that passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
44
What are the four layers of the digestive tract?
Mucosa-innermost epithelial layer; mucous membrane that secretes mucus Submucosa-connective tissue, vessels, and nerves (absorption) Muscularis-circular and longitudinal muscle groups Serosa-outermost epithelial layer with serous fluid that eliminates friction
45
What are the two types of movement in the digestive tract?
Mixing movements and propelling movements
46
What is segmentation?
The moving of food back and forth in a segment of the small intestine mixing it
47
What is peristalsis?
Propels food by contracting in a wavelike fashion
48
Parasympathetic impulses do in the digestive system?
Activates digestive system
49
Sympathetic impulses do in the digestive system?
Inhibits digestive actions
50
What is the first part of the alimentary canal?
The mouth
51
What is mastication?
Mechanical breakdown by chewing
52
Lingual frenulum?
Connects tongue to the floor of the mouth
53
Two functions of papillae in mouth?
Move/grip food Contain taste buds
54
Two functions of papillae in the mouth?
Move/grip food Contain taste buds
55
What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Teeth
56
How do caries/cavities form?
-Sticky food gets stuck on or in between teeth -Bacteria on teeth metabolize the sugars and convert to acids -Acids then dissolve the enamal
57
Two functions of papillae in the mouth?
Move/grip food Contain taste buds
58
What three substances does saliva contain?
Enzymes-chemical digestion of carbs Bicarbonate-neutralize acids to protect teeth Mucus-make bolus slippery
59
What are the three sets of salivary glands?
-Parotid glands -Submandibular glands -Sublingual glands
60
What two types of secretory cells do salivary glands contain?
Serous cell-salivary amylase (digestion) Mucous cells-mucous (lubricates)
61
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
-Nasopharynx -Oropharynx -Hypopharynx
62
Bolus?
Small rounded mass of substance/ball of chewed up food
63
What does the esophagus connect?
Pharynx and the stomach
64
What shape is the stomach?
J-shaped
65
Two major functions of the stomach?
-Mix food with gastric juice -Initiate protein digestion
66
What are the three muscular layers of the stomach?
Outer-Longitudinal layer Middle-Circular Inner-Oblique layer
67
What are rugae?
Folds in stomach lining that allow for distension
68
Distension?
Expansion of the stomach
69
What are the three types of secretory cells which produce gastric juice?
Chief cells-pepsinogen (break down proteins) Parietal cells-HCl/hydrochloric acid (Vitamin B12 absorption) Mucous cells-mucous (protect stomach lining)
70
What is the semi-fluid paste called that results from the mixing of food and gastric juice?
Chyme
71
What is the ring of smooth muscle called that connects the stomach and small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter