Pain

Question 1

Skin uses pain as a ________ _________ system.

Answer 1

Threat detection

Question 2

Pain is a ___________ phenomenon.

Answer 2

Multimodal

Question 3

Pain contains 2 components, what are they?

Answer 3

1. Sensory component

2. Affective/emotional/cognitive component

Question 4

What is the phenomenon in which an individual does not experience pain?

Answer 4

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP)

Question 5

What is the phenomenon in which an individual is too sensitive to common sensations?

Answer 5

Sensory Processing Disorder

Question 6

What is happening in the body/brain in CIP?

Answer 6

The individual lacks a protein causing the pain receptors to not activate normally.

Question 7

What is nociceptive pain?

Answer 7

A signal of impending damage to the skin

Question 8

What to nocicpetive receptors respond to?

Answer 8

Heat, chemicals, severe pressure, and cold.

Question 9

What kind of response do nociceptive receptors trigger?

Answer 9

A protective withdrawal response

Question 10

___________ pain is cuased by damage or irritation within tissues and joints.

Answer 10

Inflammatory

Question 11

The immune response (a cold) lowers the threshold for pain, making nociceptors more responsive. This is called…?

Answer 11

Hyperalgesia

Question 12

Tumor cells release toxins in the tissues, causing an immune response. This is an example of what kind of pain?

Answer 12

Inflammatory

Question 13

_________ pain is caused by damage to the central nervous system.

Answer 13

Neuropathic

Question 14

Brain damage caused by a stroke is an example of _________ pain.

Answer 14

Neuropathic

Question 15

Repetitive movements causing damage to the CNS (example: carpal tunnel) is an example of _________ pain.

Answer 15

Neuropathic

Question 16

What is the fourth (nontraditional) kind of pain?

Answer 16

Social pain/ psychological / mental pain

Question 17

The _______ __________ model of pain suggested that pain is a signals that elicits a withdrawal response.

Answer 17

Direct pathway model

Question 18

A problem with the direct pathway model is that pain can be affected by 2 factors:
1.
2.

Answer 18

1. Mental/emotional state

2. Attention

Question 19

A problem with the direct pathway model is that pain can occur even when…?

Answer 19

There is no stimulation of the skin

Question 20

Gate controld model: the gate consists of __________ _______ in the spinal cord.

Answer 20

Gelatinosa cells

Question 21

Gate control model: input comes from 3 places, name them.

Answer 21

1. Large diameter fibers
2. Small diameter fibers
3. Central control

Question 22

Gate control model:

What are L fibers?

Answer 22

Large diameter fibers: information from tactile stimuli

Question 23

Gate control model: What are S fibers?

Answer 23

Small diameter fibers: information from nociceptors

Question 24

Gate control model: What is the central control?

Answer 24

cognitive factors (from the cortex) such as mood /attention

Question 25

Gate control model: SG- _______ while SG+ _______ the gate.

Answer 25

SG- closes; SG+ opens

Question 26

Gate control model: Gate outpit is ________ ______ activity.

Answer 26

Transmission cell (t-cell)

Question 27

Gate control model: Pain decreases when the gate is closed by SG- by ________ or _______.

Answer 27

Central control or L-fibers.

Question 28

Gate control model: Pain increases when stimulation of ________ activates SG+ to open the gate.

Answer 28

S-fibers

Question 29

Gate control model: Which is faster, L-fibers or S-fibers?

Answer 29

L-fibers, because S-fibers/nociceptors are smaller and therefore not as fast.

Question 30

Gate control model: What 3 things does central control account for?

Answer 30

1. expectation 2. Shifting attention 3. content of emotional distraction

Question 31

The subcortical areas of the pain matrix are: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 31

1. Hypothalamus 2. Amygdala 3. Thalamus (HAT)

Question 32

``` The cortical areas of the pain matrix are: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```

Answer 32

1. Somatosensory areas: S1 and S2 2. Insula 3. Anterior cingulate 4. Prefrontal cortices

Question 33

The pituitary gland and hypothalamus release neurotransmitters called _______________.

Answer 33

Endorphins

Question 34

Endorphins activate __________ _________ and reduce pain.

Answer 34

Opiate receptors

Question 35

____________ blocks receptors sites (increasing pain) and also decreases the effectiveness of placebos.

Answer 35

Naloxone

Question 36

People whose brains release more _________ can withstand higher pain levels.

Answer 36

Endorphins

Question 37

The phantom limb phenomena is resistant to _______________.

Answer 37

top-down cognitive control (central control)

Question 38

There are two aspects to phantom limb: 1. 2.

Answer 38

1. sensory | 2. motor

Question 39

Feeling sensations from the phantom limb is the ________ aspect of phantom limb.

Answer 39

Sensory

Question 40

Feeling pain or the phantom limb move is part of the ________ aspect of phantom limb.

Answer 40

Motor

Question 41

Seeing the phantom "move" in a mirror updates the __________ and _________ maps in the parietal cortex.

Answer 41

Kinesthetic and proprioceptive